A study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of bone atrophy in various strains of inbred mice under the influence of tail-up suspension. Nine inbred strains of mice (NZB/N, NZW/N, AKR/N, Balb/C, C 57 BL, C 3 H/He, A/J, DBA, CBA/N) aged six weeks were used. Each strain was divided randomly into two groups, a suspension group (SG; n=5) and a control group (CG; n=5) . The suspension group were etherized and suspended with an elastic bandage. After one week, the tibiae were removed and their bone weights were measured using an electric balance (Metler; AE 240) . Their length was also measured with a vernier caliper. In all strains, body weight in the SG was significantly lower than that in the CG. From the bone weight and length in the CG, bone growth in the NZB/N, AKR/N, NZW/N and C3H/He strains was considered to be higher than in the other strains. On the other hand bone growth in the DBA, A/J, Balb/C, and CBA/N strains were lower than in the others. The absolute value of bone weight in the SG was significantly smaller than that in the CG in six strains (NZB/N, C 57 BL, A/J, NZW/N, C 3 H/He, Balb/C) . However in the DBA strain, the absolute value of bone weight in the SG was significantly higher than that in the CG.
From the results of this investigation we suggest that the mechanism of normal bone growth is not the same as the mechanism of bone atrophy induced by tail-up suspension.

Direct observation of the intravascular atherosclerotic change provides many diagnostic information and supports successful vascular surgery. Angioscopic inspections were performed in the 23 patients who underwent laser angioplasty for the peripheral arteries and 7 patients with aorto-coronary bypass surgery in this study. Useful images could be obtained in 19 (83%) of 23 observations in the peripheral arteries, and the successful rates of angioscopic observation were influenced by the diameter and the degree of kinking of each vessel. On the other hand, intraoperative observation of coronary artery with angioscope could be performed easily in all cases. From these findings, intraoperative application of angioscopy was considered to be useful procedure for the cardiovascular surgery.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

Aneurysms of the inferior left ventricular wall comprise only a small fraction of all aneurysms that have been reported in surgical series. Pseudo-false ventricular aneurysm is very rare and communicates with the left ventricule through a small orifice, and its wall contains myocardial tissue, unlike false ventricular aneurysm. A 53-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with chest pain. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular aneurysm, and the coronary arteriography subsequently revealed a complete occlusion of right coronary #2 and 75% and 90% stenosis of left anterior descending artery #7 and #8, respectively. Left ventriculography revealed an aneurysm of the inferior left ventricular wall, which communicated with the left ventricle through a small orifice and exhibited contraction. Surgical repair was indicated. Endoventricular circular patch repair (Dor operation) of the aneurysm of the inferior left ventricular wall and coronary artery bypass grafting to the left anterior descending artery and the right coronary artery were simultaneously performed under cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 22th day after surgery. Pseudo-false ventricular aneurysm of the inferior left ventricular wall was diagnosed by pathologic examination.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.

A digital teaching material on the cardiac cycle, which discretely illustrates only the left heart system, not the right, and shows the pressure of each section clearly with an illustration of a water pipe pressure gauge, as proposed by G. Doman et al., was presented to medical students, who had not previously learned circulatory physiology. Many formative questions were also provided to promote active learning. After learning the material, the students were given an anonymous questionnaire comparing the present material with a standard textbook of physiology as the control. When asked the overall impression, 86% of the students supported the present material.