STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. PURPOSE: To determine whether kissing spine is a risk factor for recurrence of sciatica after lumbar posterior decompression using a spinous process floating approach. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Kissing spine is defined by apposition and sclerotic change of the facing spinous processes as shown in X-ray images, and is often accompanied by marked disc degeneration and decrement of disc height. If kissing spine significantly contributes to weight bearing and the stability of the lumbar spine, trauma to the spinous process might induce a breakdown of lumbar spine stability after posterior decompression surgery in cases of kissing spine. METHODS: The present study included 161 patients who had undergone posterior decompression surgery for lumbar canal stenosis using a spinous process floating approaches. We defined recurrence of sciatica as that resolved after initial surgery and then recurred. Kissing spine was defined as sclerotic change and the apposition of the spinous process in a plain radiogram. Preoperative foraminal stenosis was determined by the decrease of perineural fat intensity detected by parasagittal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Preoperative percentage slip, segmental range of motion, and segmental scoliosis were analyzed in preoperative radiographs. Univariate analysis followed by stepwise logistic regression analysis determined factors independently associated with recurrence of sciatica. RESULTS: Stepwise logistic regression revealed kissing spine (p=0.024; odds ratio, 3.80) and foraminal stenosis (p<0.01; odds ratio, 17.89) as independent risk factors for the recurrence of sciatica after posterior lumbar spinal decompression with spinous process floating procedures for lumbar spinal canal stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: When a patient shows kissing spine and concomitant subclinical foraminal stenosis at the affected level, we should sufficiently discuss the selection of an appropriate surgical procedure.
Case-Control Studies ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Decompression ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Logistic Models ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Odds Ratio ; Postoperative Complications ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sciatica* ; Scoliosis ; Spinal Canal ; Spine ; Weight-Bearing

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PURPOSE: To elucidate the impact of postoperative occiput-C2 (O-C2) angle change on subaxial cervical alignment. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: In the case of occipito-upper cervical fixation surgery, it is recommended that the O-C2 angle should be set larger than the preoperative value postoperatively. METHODS: The present study included 17 patients who underwent occipito-upper cervical spine (above C4) posterior fixation surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation of various etiologies. Plain lateral cervical radiographs in a neutral position at standing were obtained and the O-C2 angle and subaxial lordosis angle (the angle between the endplates of the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) and C7 vertebrae) were measured preoperatively and postoperatively soon after surgery and ambulation and at the final follow-up visit. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between the average postoperative alteration of O-C2 angle (DO-C2) and the average postoperative alteration of subaxial lordosis angle (Dsubaxial lordosis angle) (r=-0.47, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There was a negative correlation between DO-C2 and Dsubaxial lordosis angles. This suggests that decrease of mid-to lower-cervical lordosis acts as a compensatory mechanism for lordotic correction between the occiput and C2. In occipito-cervical fusion surgery, care must be taken to avoid excessive O-C2 angle correction because it might induce mid-to-lower cervical compensatory decrease of lordosis.
Animals ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lordosis* ; Occipital Bone ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Curvatures ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine ; Walking

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective observational study was performed. PURPOSE: We investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in dropped head syndrome (DHS), and the relationship between biochemical markers, including major advanced glycation end products (AGEs), pentosidine, and DHS in older women. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: AGEs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. METHODS: We studied 13 elderly women with idiopathic DHS (mean age, 77.2 years) and 20 healthy volunteers (mean age, 74.8 years). We used a bioelectrical impedance analyzer to analyze body composition, including appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI; appendicular lean mass [kg]/[height (m)]2). Cervical sagittal plane alignment, including C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (C2–C7SVA), C2–C7 angle, and C2 slope (C2S), was measured. Biochemical markers, such as serum and urinary pentosidine, serum homocysteine, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, were measured. The level of each variable was compared between DHS and controls. The relationship between biochemical markers and DHS was examined. RESULTS: Sarcopenia (SMI < 5.75) was observed at a high prevalence in participants with DHS (77% compared to 22% of healthy controls). Height, weight, femoral bone mineral density, appendicular lean mass, total lean mass, and SMI all had significantly lower values in the DHS group. Serum and urinary pentosidine, and serum homocysteine were significantly higher in the DHS group compared to controls. Analysis of cervical alignment revealed a significant positive correlation of serum pentosidine with C2–C7SVA and C2S. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia was involved in DHS, and high serum pentosidine levels are associated with severity of DHS in older women.
Aged ; Biomarkers ; Body Composition ; Bone Density ; Electric Impedance ; Female ; Glycosylation End Products, Advanced ; Head ; Healthy Volunteers ; Homocysteine ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Neck Muscles ; Observational Study ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcopenia

Methods: Nineteen volunteers (16 men, three women) lifted a 60-kg doll from a seated position to a standing position. The first transfer was performed without the HAL for Care Support, and the second was performed with the HAL for Care Support assistive robot. We evaluated transfer performance, the visual analog scale (VAS) score for lumbar fatigue, and electromyogram analyses of the trunk and hip. Results: Four participants (two men, two women) succeeded with the HAL for Care Support even though they were unable to perform the task without it. The mean lumbar fatigue VAS score for all participants without the HAL for Care Support was 62 mm, while that with it was 43 mm. With lumbar assistance from the HAL for Care Support, subjective lumbar fatigue during the transfer decreased significantly. A power analysis indicated adequate statistical power to detect a difference in the VAS score for lumbar fatigue (0.99). The activity of the left gluteus maximus alone increased significantly during transfers with the HAL for Care Support. No adverse events occurred during use of the HAL for Care Support for transfers. Conclusions The HAL for Care Support was able to reduce lumbar load in a simulated patient transfer.

Methods: We evaluated 48 patients (38 boys and 10 girls) with bilateral L5 spondylolysis diagnosed during or before high school. L5 spondylolysis was classified into two groups: fresh group (bilateral fresh spondylolysis cases), and terminal group (cases wherein one side had fresh spondylolysis and the contralateral side had terminal spondylolysis). We investigated the age of examination and bone healing rate in both groups. We investigated progressive-stage lesions and bone healing rate with or without progressive-stage lesions. Results: The bone healing rate in the fresh group was significantly higher than that in the terminal group 72.0% vs. 26.1%, p =0.003). In both the groups, the bone healing rate was significantly higher in patients without progressive-stage lesions than in those with progressive-stage lesions. Conclusions Bone healing of progressive-stage fresh spondylolysis was not achieved by conservative treatment when contralateral terminal spondylolysis was present in adolescents with bilateral L5 spondylolysis. Our results suggest that bilateral L5 spondylolysis treatment strategies must be determined based on the combination of the stages present.

Methods: A total of 224 consecutive patients with OVFs aged ≥65 years who received treatment within 2 weeks after the occurrence of injury were enrolled. The patients were followed up for 6 months thereafter. The criteria for evaluating the degree of independence were applied to evaluate ADLs. Multivariable analysis with a logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the risk factors for ADL decline. Results: In total, 49/224 patients (21.9%) showed a decline in ADLs. Of these, 23/116 patients (19.8%) in the rest group and 26/108 patients (24.1%) in the no-rest group experienced a decline in ADLs. In the logistic regression analyses, a diffuse low signal on T2- weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (odds ratio, 5.78; 95% confidence interval, 2.09–16.0; p=0.0007) and vertebral instability (odds ratio, 3.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–11.4; p=0.0135) were identified as independent factors in the rest and no-rest groups, respectively. Conclusions In patients with acute OVFs, a diffuse low signal on T2-weighted MRI and severe vertebral instability were independently associated with ADL decline in patients treated with and without initial bed rest, respectively.

Methods: This study included 99 men (mean age, 74.9 years; range, 28–93 years) who visited Qiball Clinic for BMD and body composition examinations. The osteoporosis group consisted of 24 patients (mean age, 72.5 years; range, 44–92 years), and the control group consisted of 75 individuals (mean age, 74.9 years; range, 28–93 years). Whole-body skeletal muscle mass was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Skin autofluorescence (SAF), a marker of dermal AGE accumulation, was measured using a spectroscope. Osteoporosis was defined as a bone density T score of –2.5 or less. Physical findings, skeletal muscle mass, BMD, grip strength, and SAF were compared between the osteoporosis and control groups. Results: The osteoporosis group had significantly lower trunk muscle mass (23.1 kg vs. 24.9 kg), lower leg muscle mass (14.4 kg vs. 13.0 kg), and skeletal mass index (7.1 kg/m2 vs. 6.7 kg/m2) than the control group (all p<0.05). Lower limb muscle mass was identified as a risk factor for osteoporosis in men (odds ratio, 0.64; p=0.03). Conclusions Conservative treatment of osteoporosis in men will require an effective approach that facilitates the maintenance or strengthening of skeletal muscle mass, including exercise therapy with a focus on lower extremities and nutritional supplementation.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. PURPOSE: To assess the correlation among inflammatory cytokine expression levels, degree of intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration, and predominant clinical symptoms observed in degenerative disk disease (DDD). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Low back pain (LBP) is associated with inflammatory cytokine expression levels, including those of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the association between cytokine expression levels and the physiological mechanisms of disk degeneration and clinical pain remain controversial. METHODS: Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, TNF-α, IL-6, and NGF expression levels were analyzed in 58 IVD samples that were harvested from patients with lumbar DDD. Patient samples were grouped according to the degree of IVD degeneration using the Pfirrmann grading system and magnetic resonance imaging, and the correlations between the disease groups and each cytokine expression level were assessed. In addition, on the basis of their predominant preoperative symptoms, the patients were assigned to either an LBP or leg pain group to determine the correlation among these disease manifestations and individual cytokine expression levels. RESULTS: A gradual increase in TNF-α (R=0.391) and IL-6 (R=0.388) expression levels correlated with the degree of IVD degeneration, whereas NGF (R=0.164) expression levels exhibited a minimal decrease with disease progression. Regarding the predominant clinical manifestation, only the LBP group exhibited a significant increase in TNF-α expression levels (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that TNF-α and IL-6 play an important role in the pathophysiology of IVD degeneration at any stage, whereas NGF plays an important role during the early disease stages. Moreover, because TNF-α expression levels were significantly high in the LBP group, we propose that they are involved in LBP onset or progression.
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Disease Progression ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration* ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Leg ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Observational Study ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVE: It is important to develop an easy means of diagnosing lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) in a general practice setting. We investigated the use of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) to diagnose LFS in symptomatic patients. METHODS: Subjects included 13 cases (mean age, 72 years) with LFS, and 30 cases (mean age, 73 years) with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) involving one intervertebral disc. The visual analogue scale score for low back pain and leg pain, the JOABPEQ were evaluated. RESULTS: Those with LFS had a significantly lower JOA score (p<0.001), while JOABPEQ scores (p<0.05) for lumbar dysfunction and social functioning impairment (p<0.01) were both significantly lower than the scores in LSCS. The following JOABPEQ questionnaire items (LFS vs. LSCS, p-value) for difficulties in: sleeping (53.8% vs. 16.6%, p<0.05), getting up from a chair (53.8% vs. 6.6%, p<0.001), turning over (76.9% vs. 40%, p<0.05), and putting on socks (76.9% vs. 26.6%, p<0.01) such as pain during rest, and signs of intermittent claudication more than 15 minutes (61.5% vs. 26.6%, p<0.05) were all significantly more common with LFS than LSCS. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that of the items in the JOABPEQ, if pain during rest or intermittent claudication is noted, LFS should be kept in mind as a cause during subsequent diagnosis and treatment. LFS may be easily diagnosed from LSCS using this established patient-based assessment method.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Back Pain* ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Diagnosis ; General Practice ; Humans ; Intermittent Claudication ; Intervertebral Disc ; Leg ; Low Back Pain ; Methods ; Spinal Canal

STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) stored at room temperature (RT), frozen, or after freeze-drying. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: PRP enriches tissue repair and regeneration, and is a novel treatment option for musculoskeletal pathologies. However, whether biological activity is preserved during PRP storage remains uncertain. METHODS: PRP was prepared from blood of 12 healthy human volunteers (200 mL/person) and stored using three methods: PRP was stored at RT with shaking, PRP was frozen and stored at −80℃, or PRP was freeze-dried and stored at RT. Platelet counts and growth factor content were examined immediately after preparation, as well as 2, 4, and 8 weeks after storage. Platelet activation rate was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Platelet counts were impossible to determine in many RT samples after 2 weeks, but they remained at constant levels in frozen and freeze-dried samples, even after 8 weeks of storage. Flow cytometry showed approximately 80% activation of the platelets regardless of storage conditions. Almost no growth factors were detected in the RT samples after 8 weeks, while low but significant expression was detected in the frozen and freeze-dried PRP. Over time, the mean relative concentrations of various growth factors decreased significantly or disappeared in the RT group. In the frozen group, levels were maintained for 4 weeks, but decreased significantly by 8 weeks (p <0.05). The freeze-dried group maintained baseline levels of growth factors for the entire 8-week duration. CONCLUSIONS: Freeze-drying enables PRP storage while maintaining bioactivity and efficacy for extended periods.
Blood Preservation ; Flow Cytometry ; Freeze Drying ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Pathology ; Platelet Activation ; Platelet Count ; Platelet-Rich Plasma* ; Regeneration