Proprioception plays an important role in the maintenance of joint stability and regulation of joint motion. Previous studies have suggested that dysfunction of proprioception is related to causal factors of various diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. In recent years, training of proprioceptive function has been introduced for the rehabilitation of motor function and prevention of the joint injuries.In this review paper, definition of proprioception, and morphologic and physiologic characteristics of the proprioceptors in the joint and adjacent tissues such as ligaments, muscles and tendons are described. Previous clinical studies on the relationships between proprioceptive dysfunction and joint diseases and injuries are also reviewed.