The first responders who are often exposed to emergency condition play important roles in providing PHEC to victims withroad accident trauma. Hence, empowerment of first responders is highly required to achieve the target of response timeof less than 10 minutes to provide PHEC in order to minimize the numbers of deaths and disabilities caused by trauma.This study applied quasi-experimental design with static group comparison pattern using cross-sectional approach. Anumber of 40 samples of common people consisting of 20 samples in treatment group and 20 samples in control groupwere taken. The statistic test used in this research is t-test. The results reveals that simulation model using algorithminfluences the improvement of traffic volunteers’ emergency management capabilities with p-value of < 0.05 and meanscore difference of 34.5%, and the model is highly effective to be implemented to improve the capability of traffic assistantvolunteers to manage trauma emergency with the mean score difference of 11.5%. Algorithm models for PHEC simulationhave some strengths in real setting and effective interactive learning to evaluate the capabilities of first responders inmanaging pre-hospital emergency, and improve problem-solving skills, as well as their performance in such aspects asskill, knowledge, and attitude.

Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have an important role in the detoxification of electrophiles, such as some anticancer drugs. Compounds with phenolic and/or α,b-unsaturated carbonyl group have been known as GSTs inhibitor in vitro. Cefadroxil in vitro decreased GST-Pi activity but not GSTs in rat kidney cytosol. GST inhibitor in a specific organ and of a specific class is needed for safety in cancer chemotherapy. The study aims to observe the effect of cefadroxil on GSTs in vivo in rat kidney cytosol and then compare it to those seen for liver, lung, and spleen in vivo. Methods: Cefadroxil was given twice a day by forcefeeding for five days. Rat kidney cytosol was then prepared and its protein concentration was determined. Cytosolic total GST, GST-Mu and GST-Pi activities were monitored by a continuous spectrophotometric method using the following substrates: 1-chloro, 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) (non-specific substrate), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) for GST-Mu, and ethacrynic acid (EA) for GST-Pi. Results: The data showed that cefadroxil significantly increased the activity of GSTs, GST-Mu, and GSTPi in rat kidney cytosol (8.75%, 47.81%, and 6.67% respectively). Conclusion: Cefadroxil did not inhibit GSTs, GST-Mu, and GST-Pi in rat kidney in vivo indicating that it does not inhibit chemotherapy detoxification by GSTs, GSTMu, and GST-Pi in normal kidney cells.

PURPOSE: Using a quantitative approach, this study aims to assess Indonesian nurses' perception of their knowledge, skills, and preparedness regarding disaster management. METHODS: This study was a descriptive comparison in design. The research samples are Indonesian nurses working in medical services and educational institutions. The variables of nurses' preparedness to cope with disaster victims were measured using the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET), which was electronically distributed to all nurses in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using a statistical descriptive one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-test with a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: In total, 1341 Indonesian nurses completed this survey. The average scores of preparedness to cope with disasters, the ability to recover from disaster, and evaluation of disaster victims were 3.13, 2.53, and 2.46, respectively. In general, nurses surveyed in this study are less prepared for disaster management, and do not understand their roles both during the phase of disaster preparedness, and when coping with a post-disaster situation. CONCLUSION Nurses' preparedness and understanding of their roles in coping with disasters are still low in Indonesia. Therefore, their capacity in preparedness, responses, recovery, and evaluation of disasters needs improvement through continuing education. The efforts needed are significant due to potential disasters in Indonesia and adequate nurses resources.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Civil Defense ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disaster Planning ; Disaster Victims ; Education, Nursing, Continuing ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nurses ; psychology ; Perception ; Professional Role ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult