Differentiation of syndromes by zang-fu viscera is the core of syndrome differentiation of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The logical contradiction which is very difficult to be solved due to the same-position relationship,cause-result relationship and subordinate relationship between the various zang-fu viscera syndromes,however,often lead to a relatively serious side effect on the system of syndrome differentiation in clinic.The aim of this paper is to reveal the logical contradictory relationship between the zangfu viscera syndromes,to invite the scientific field to pay attention on the problem and solve it.

There is a very serious logical contradiction among the basic conceptions in Chinese medicine such as syndrome,symptoms and signs,pathogens and pathogenesis.And the situation get worse after the new conceptions melt in,which include key pattern elements,syndrome pattern,pattern,pattern of syndrome differentiation and so on.It is urgent and necessary for signifi cant and basic Chinese medicine research that we should unify,normalize and purify the basic conceptions in Chinese medicine,by merging,accepting and rejecting of the conceptions or the terms concerned on the basis of the defi nition of the connotation anew.

There was severe logical contradiction among the basic concepts in Chinese medicine such as syndrome, symptoms and signs, etiopathogenisis and pathogenesis .In this paper, from the comparative reseaech of the different versions of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used in higher colleges and universities of TCM in recent 50 years,higher Colleges of Chinese medicine materials, it cleared up the evolution of the basic connotation of syndrome, symptoms and signs, pathogens and pathogenesis, and revealed fundamental reason for the occurance of logical contradiction.

Pathogenesis theory occupies an important position in TCM theoretical system. Suwen is the pioneer. Enriched by later generations,the traditional pathogenesis has been a significant change. It causes understandable bias to their initial implications and affects modern research. In this paper,based on Suwen's academic background,it discusses the composition,completeness and the basis to confirm Pathogenesis 19,offering some new ideas.

"Four properties" of Chinese herb is the core content of drug property theory.Modern research on function and substantial property of "four property" has poor progress because there has di erent cognitions,ideas and methods.In this paper,main problems of "four property" are expounded through seven aspects,meanwhile,optional ideas and methods are proposed.

According to seven features of compatibility in preface of fragment of Bencaojing Jizhu(Annotation of Materia Medica),Qianjin Yaofang(Valuable Prescriptions for emergencies) and Zhenglei Bencao(Classi ed Materia Medica),the di erences among these three books and the transformation of seven features of compatibility are investigated.The results show that the number of traditional Chinese drugs which are related to seven features of compatibility in these three books is not the same,but the xed number is 197.Before the Song Dynasty,141 traditional Chinese drugs,relating to restriction,mutual inhibition,subjugation and assistance,were not added in Bencaojing Jizhu,while 55 were added.By making use of Jiayou Bencao(Materia Medica of Jia You Reign),Zhenglei Bencao added 34 traditional Chinese drugs which are related to restriction,mutual inhibition,subjugation and assistance,in fact 35 traditional Chinese drugs were added.Approximately 10 herbological books,such as Yao Dui and Tang Bencao(Newly-Revised Materia Medica),took part in the spread of seven features of compatibility.The quantity,name,classi cation and content of restriction,mutual inhibition,subjugation and assistance between Qianjin Yaofang and Zhenglei Bencao are similar,the fragment of Bencaojing Jizhu has great di erence between Qianjin Yaofang and Zhenglei Bencao.The classi cation of seven features of compatibility of traditional Chinese drugs in those three books obey their own systems,among which the fragment of Bencaojing Jizhu adopts the three rank classi cation methods,the others incline to be rationalized and detailed.This research is valuable for compiling the early herbology and discussing the compatibility theory of traditional Chinese drugs.

Objective:To approach the potential rules ofsyndrome differentiation and medication for diabetes by ancient medical scholars.Methods:By DBMS(Data Base Management System) ofPuji Fang, the information about diabetes and its correlated disease was collected, such as kinds ofthe drugs, application times ofdrugs and the number ofprescription.The qualitative analysis and quantitive analysis were used to ascertain the optimal and common used drugs and pairs ofdrugs for diabetes, and to deduce the potential indication ofdiabetes in ancient times.Results:The most optimal drugs used for diabetes in ancient times were DwarfLilyturfTuber, trichosanthis, Ginseng and Indian Bread.The common used pairs ofdrugs were DwarfLilyturfTuber and trichosanthis, DwarfLilyturfTuber and Ginseng, trichosanthis and Golden Thread, Ginseng and Indian Bread.So we can deduce that the potential indications ofdiabetes were impairment ofbody fluid by dry and heat, and deficiency ofboth qi and yin.Conclusion:By integrated logic analysis and statistical analysis, we can reveal the ancient treatment rule ofthe disease and it provided reference for clinic today.

To compare herbalogy literature through the ages, ancient prescription literature, modern national pharmacopoeia and modern Chinese materia medica, we can confirm that the core of the traditional functions about atractylodes macrocephala have been recorded in modern national pharmacopoeia and Chinese materia medica. But atractylodes macrocephala's effects in treating anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, vomit, abdominal crymodynia, hypochondnrium or abdominal mass, chills and fever, all anemo-illness, dead muscle, gastric heat, spasm, jaundice, violent pathogenic wind, headache, five kinds of strain and seven impairments, therm-disease, epidemic pathogenic factors from mountains, knob and boss, agerasia and so on, were not included nowadays. By analysing the syndrome of the compatibility in ancient prescriptions including atractylodes macrocephala, some functions can be extracted, such as eliminating fever, calming down wind and stopping spasm, stopping cough, stopping wheez, calming the nerves, stopping bleeding, alleviating pain, promoting the production of body fluid. Whether atractylodes macrocephala has those functions need to be confirmed through empirical study and clinical research.

Syndrome attribute determined by signs and symptoms of an animal model through intervening in the clini-cal and animal syndrome differentiation standards is not standardized, objective or rigorous. The signs and symptoms of people are difficult to be expressed fully and accurately in the animal body correspondingly. The signs and symptoms of animals are mostly without any syndrome information. There are no difference of signs and symptoms among differ-ent modeling methods. Hence, it is difficult to determine the syndrome-attribution of an animal model based on signs and symptoms. There are two problems in drug reduction to determine syndrome-attribution of animal models. Firstly, for drug reduction, only one group is used in the animal subject. There are no other two groups or multi-groups of drugs compared with each other to confirm the syndrome-attribution of animal models. Lots of research results indicat-ed that multiple drugs with different functions can change the state and the objective index of the same animal subject. Secondly, employing the control principle, adjusting and improving the best drug for the animal subject were used to determine the syndrome-attribute. However, these studies cannot be operated, because the preliminary studies, such as the essence of syndrome, have not provided generally recognized effect indexes and index groups.

Intervening animals by pathogen of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to establish animal model is the most common and easiest method to determine syndrome attribute of an animal model. However, the underlying prob-lem of this modeling method is that the concept of wind, cold and dampness in the nature are confused with the syn-drome of wind-cold-dampness summarized by abnormal appearance of clinical patients. The typical animal model establishment are through the methods of wind blowing, low temperature freezing, cold water immersion, environmen-tal humidity increasing. Modern medical modeling methods, such as chemicals, organ resections, are also used in the establishment of animal models. Then, the syndrome-attribution of modeling animal is evaluated by physicochemical indexes of modern medicine which is one of modeling methods that have been used by academia in early times. But animal model established by this method is a kind of disease model which is lack of sufficient theoretical and clini-cal evidences. Therefore, the syndrome-attribution should be reappraised among this kind of animal models.