Objective: To explore regulating effect of protosappanin A (PrA) on dendritic cell (DC) maturation.Methods: SPF male Wistar rats and SD rats were selected as subjects.During DC maturation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to screen proper concentrations of PrA.Different concentrations of PrA were used to pretreat LPS-induced DC, difference of DC surface molecule CD80 and CD86 expressions were analyzed;DC's ability in activating T cell proliferation, expression levels of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 on surface of regulatory T cells (Treg), and levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 secreted by DC in supernatant were measured.Results: Compared with immature DC (imDC) group, there were significant rise in expressions of DC surface molecule CD80[(31.50±29.04)% vs.(63.80±14.03)%] and CD86[(36.10±27.21)% vs.(62.60±12.37)%] in LPS-DC group, P<0.01 both;compared with LPS-DC group, there were significant reductions in expressions of CD80[(63.80±14.03)% vs.(39.70±26.60)] and CD86[(62.60±12.37)% vs.((37.90±26.93)] in 20-DC group (DC cultured with 20nmol/L PrA), P<0.05 both.Compared with LPS-DC group, there were significant reductions in DC-activated T cell proliferation capacity [(0.39±0.06) vs.(0.32±0.46) vs.(0.28±0.08)] and IL-12 level [(250.00±89.81) pg/ml vs.(176.80±49.89) pg/ml vs.(134.30±60.64) pg/ml], and significant rise in expression of Treg [(0.42±0.23) vs.(0.76±0.20) vs.(0.93±0.52)] and IL-10 level [(145.80±70.28) pg/ml vs.(274.00±131.93) pg/ml vs.(354.00±146.22) pg/ml] in 5-DC group and 20-DC group (P<0.05 all for 5-DC group, P<0.01 all for 20-DC group).Conclusion: PrA can inhibit LPS-induced DC maturation, including reducing expressions of surface molecule CD80 and CD86, suppressing the capacity to activate allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation, inducing Treg proliferation and affecting levels of relative cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Large disparities exist in liver cancer burden trends across countries but are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the global trajectories of liver cancer burden, explore the driving forces, and predict future trends. METHODS: Data on the liver cancer burden in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) trajectories were defined using growth mixture models. Five major risk factors contributing to changes in the ASIR or ASMR and socioeconomic determinants were explored using the identified trajectories. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict future trends through 2035. RESULTS: Three trajectories of liver cancer burden were identified: increasing, stable, and decreasing groups. Almost half of the American countries were classified in the decreasing group (48.6% for ASIR and ASMR), and the increasing group was the most common in the European region (ASIR, 49.1%; ASMR, 37.7%). In the decreasing group, the decrease of liver cancer due to hepatitis B contributed 63.4% and 60.4% of the total decreases in ASIR and ASMR, respectively. The increase of liver cancer due to alcohol use, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B contributed the most to the increase in the increasing group (30.8%, 31.1%, and 24.2% for ASIR; 33.7%, 30.2%, and 22.2% for ASMR, respectively). The increasing group was associated with a higher sociodemographic index, gross domestic product per capita, health expenditure per capita, and universal health coverage (all P <0.05). Significant variations in disease burden are predicted to continue through 2035, with a disproportionate burden in the decreasing group. CONCLUSION Global disparities were observed in liver cancer burden trajectories. Hepatitis B, alcohol use, and hepatitis C were identified as driving forces in different regions.
Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; Liver Neoplasms ; Risk Factors ; Hepatitis C/complications* ; Hepatitis B ; Hepacivirus ; Incidence

BACKGROUND: The cancer burden in the United States of America (USA) has decreased gradually. However, China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles, with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA. This study compared the latest cancer profiles, trends, and determinants between China and USA. METHODS: This was a comparative study using open-source data. Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics. Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors. RESULTS: In 2022, there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases, and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA, respectively. The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently, but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly. Rates of stomach, liver, and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China, but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population, prostate cancer in men, and other seven cancer types in women. Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths, and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.
Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Neoplasms ; Male ; Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Registries ; United States/epidemiology*

Objective:To analyze the changing trend of the incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019, and predict the future development trend of liver cancer.Methods:The descriptive epidemiologic method was conducted. Based on the Global Burden of Disease data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, the crude incidence rate and total number, crude mortality rate and total number, age- and sex-specific incidence rate and number, age- and sex-specific mortality rate and number of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019 were collected. The age-standardized rate was calculated using the year 2000 China's standard population. Observation indicators: (1) the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019; (2) changing trend of the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019; (3) prediction of the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the Chinese population during 2020-2044. Count data were described as absolute numbers, percentages and ratios. The Joinpoint V.4.9.0.0 software was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC), average annual percent change (AAPC) and its 95% confidence interval ( CI) of age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer in different time periods. The age-period-cohort model in the Nordpred package of R software (V.4.1.1) was used to predict the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the Chinese population during 2020-2044. Results:(1) The incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019: the crude incidence rate and the age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in the Chinese population decreased from 20.01/100,000 and 24.31/100,000 in 1990 to 14.80/100,000 and 9.71/100,000 in 2019, respectively. The crude incidence rate and the age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in the Chinese male popula-tion decreased from 27.88/100,000 and 34.76/100,000 in 1990 to 22.05/100,000 and 15.22/100,000 in 2019, respectively. The crude incidence rate and the age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in the Chinese female population decreased from 11.63/100,000 and 13.51/100,000 in 1990 to 7.26/100,000 and 4.29/100,000 in 2019, respectively. The crude mortality rate and the age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in the Chinese population decreased from 19.64/100,000 and 23.97/100,000 in 1990 to 13.20/100,000 and 8.44/100,000 in 2019, respectively. The crude mortality rate and the age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in the Chinese male population decreased from 27.03/100,000 and 34.10/100,000 in 1990 to 19.18/100,000 and 13.03/100,000 in 2019, respectively. The crude mortality rate and the age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in the Chinese female population decreased from 11.78/100,000 and 13.64/100,000 in 1990 to 6.98/100,000 and 3.97/100,000 in 2019, respectively. (2) Changing trend of the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019: the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in the Chinese population could be divided into 5 periods, namely year 1990 to 1996, year 1996 to 2001, year 2001 to 2005, year 2005 to 2010 and year 2010 to 2019. In these 5 periods, the APC of age-standardized incidence rate changed from 1.27%(95% CI as 0.81% to 1.73%, P<0.001) to 1.12%(95% CI as 0.91% to 1.33%, P<0.001) of the total Chinese population, from 1.68%(95% CI as 1.19% to 2.17%, P<0.001) to 1.65%(95% CI as 1.42% to 1.87%, P<0.001) of the Chinese male population and from 0.21%(95% CI as -0.32 % to 0.75%, P=0.406) to -0.14%(95% CI as -0.40% to 0.11%, P=0.241) of the Chinese female population, respectively. The trend of age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in the Chinese population could be divided into 5 periods, namely year 1990 to 1996, year 1996 to 2000, year 2000 to 2005, year 2005 to 2012 and year 2012 to 2019. In these 5 periods, the APC of age-standardized mortality rate changed from 1.47%(95% CI as 0.74% to 2.20%, P=0.001) to 1.34%(95% CI as 0.78% to 1.90%, P<0.001) of the total Chinese population, from 1.96%(95% CI as 1.18% to 2.75%, P<0.001) to 1.79%(95% CI as 1.18% to 2.41%, P<0.001) of the Chinese male population and from 0.14%(95% CI as -0.54% to 0.82%, P=0.670 ) to 0.48%(95% CI as 0.02% to 0.93%, P=0.041) of the Chinese female population, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the AAPC of age-standardized incidence and age-standardized mortality rates of liver cancer were -3.22%(95% CI as -3.41% to -3.03%) and -3.51%(95% CI as -3.82% to -3.19%) in the Chinese population, -2.90%(95% CI as -3.10% to -2.71%) and -3.22%(95% CI as -3.57% to -2.88%) in the Chinese male population, -3.96%(95% CI as -4.17% to -3.76%) and -4.13%(95% CI as -4.43% to -3.82%) in the Chinese female population, respectively. (3) Prediction of the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in the Chinese population during 2020-2044: the age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer would decrease from 9.51/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 5.78/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese population, from 14.84/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 9.75/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese male population and from 4.28/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 1.88/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese female population, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer would decrease from 8.40/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 4.62/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese population, from 12.91/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 7.59/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese male population and from 4.01/100,000 in 2015-2019 to 1.70/100,000 in 2040-2044 in the Chinese female population, respectively. The incidence number and mortality number of liver cancer from 2020 to 2044 would remain stable at around 160,000 per year and 140,000 per year in the Chinese population, 128,500 per year and 109,000 per year in the Chinese male population, 36,000 per year and 34,900 per year in the Chinese female population, respectively. Conclusion:The incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer in the Chinese popula-tion show a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2019, and the incidence number and mortality number of liver cancer in the Chinese population will remain stable above 100,000 during 2020-2044.

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. An increasing trend for prostate cancer incidence was observed in China. Enormous studies have been conducted to investigate the association between dietary factors and prostate cancer, however conflicted results were obtained. Red meat, processed meat, and dairy products consumption were reported to be associated with the increased prostate cancer risk, while tomatoes, soybeans and green tea might reduce the risk of prostate cancer occurance. However, no consensus could be reached without strong evidence. Furthermore, further studies are needed to investigate the association between vitamin and mineral supplements and prostate cancer risk. Some studies reported that men with higher dietary inflammatory index scores increased prostate cancer risk. There may be a long susceptible period when dietary factors affect prostate cancer risk, which poses challenges for collecting exposure and the follow-up. Measure bias and detection bias are the main reasons which impair the authenticity of studies on the relationship of dietary factors and prostate cancer risk. Researchers should apply various methods to measure participants′ dietary consumption levels and ascertain essential outcomes, such as prostate cancer death. This article reviews updated epidemiological evidences on the association of dietary factors and prostate cancer, aims to benefit future nutritional epidemiology studies focus on the prostate cancer prevention.

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. An increasing trend for prostate cancer incidence was observed in China. Enormous studies have been conducted to investigate the association between dietary factors and prostate cancer, however conflicted results were obtained. Red meat, processed meat, and dairy products consumption were reported to be associated with the increased prostate cancer risk, while tomatoes, soybeans and green tea might reduce the risk of prostate cancer occurance. However, no consensus could be reached without strong evidence. Furthermore, further studies are needed to investigate the association between vitamin and mineral supplements and prostate cancer risk. Some studies reported that men with higher dietary inflammatory index scores increased prostate cancer risk. There may be a long susceptible period when dietary factors affect prostate cancer risk, which poses challenges for collecting exposure and the follow-up. Measure bias and detection bias are the main reasons which impair the authenticity of studies on the relationship of dietary factors and prostate cancer risk. Researchers should apply various methods to measure participants′ dietary consumption levels and ascertain essential outcomes, such as prostate cancer death. This article reviews updated epidemiological evidences on the association of dietary factors and prostate cancer, aims to benefit future nutritional epidemiology studies focus on the prostate cancer prevention.

Objective:To systematically review the quality of clinical practice guidelines for prostate cancer screening to serve as a reference for developing prostate cancer screening guidelines in China.Methods:We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed with the term "prostate cancer" "prostate carcinoma" "prostate tumor" "screening" "early detection" "guideline" "recommendation" as keywords. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) Ⅱ instrument and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) were used for critical appraisal.Results:A total of thirteen guidelines were included in this review. Evaluated by the AGREE Ⅱ instrument, ten were considered as A level. Two guidelines scored B level, and one was considered C level. Lowest mean domain scores were for stakeholder involvement (52.1%) and applicability (34.0%). Using the RIGHT checklist, we found that the low reporting quality of the thirteen guidelines could be attributable to incomplete disclosure of evidence (64.6%), funding, declaration and management of interest (44.2%), or other information (46.2%).Conclusions:No guidelines for prostate cancer screening was developed in China. The methodological quality of the guidelines in prostate cancer screening was good, which set a tone for the development of Chinese guidelines. However, all guidelines showed poor reporting quality.

Objective:To systematically assess the quality of guidelines/consensus on live cancer screening globally and provide references for the formulation of evidence-based guideline on liver cancer screening in China.Methods:PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, SinoMed, and other related guideline development institutions were searched to identify guidelines on live cancer screening before June 30, 2020. Two experienced reviewers screened literature and extracted data independently. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Ⅱ(AGREE Ⅱ) and Reporting Items for Practice Guideline in Healthcare (RIGHT) were used to evaluate the quality of guidelines.Results:A total of 19 guidelines/consensus issued between 2003 and 2019 were included in this study. The quality of these guidelines was high according to AGREE Ⅱ, nine of which were recommended as level A, and the other five were graded as level B. Each guidance scored higher in scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, and clarity of presentation. The reporting quality of basic information with 56.1% reporting rate was the highest based on RIGHT. The reporting quality of background (37.5%) and recommendations (39.8%) were acceptable. However, evidence (35.8%), review and quality assurance (18.4%), funding and declaration and management of interests (22.4%) and other information (21.0%) still need to be improved.Conclusions:Although the quality of screening guidelines for liver cancer is acceptable, the evidence, review and quality assurance, and funding and declaration and management of interests still need to be strengthened. There is still a lack of solely evidence-based medical screening guidelines for liver cancer in China.

Objective:To investigate the association between congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and the adverse outcomes during hospitalization in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).Methods:This prospective, multicenter observational cohort study was conducted based on the data from the Sino-northern Neonatal Network (SNN). Data of 5 818 VLBWI with birth weight <1 500 g and gestational age between 24-<37 weeks that were admitted to the 37 neonatal intensive care units from January 1 st, 2019 to December 31 st, 2022 were collected and analyzed. Thyroid function was first screened at 7 to 10 days after birth, followed by weekly tests within the first 4 weeks, and retested at 36 weeks of corrected gestational age or before discharge. The VLBWI were assigned to the CH group or non-CH group. Chi-square test, Fisher exact probability method, Wilcoxon rank sum test, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between CH and poor prognosis during hospitalization in VLBWI. Results:A total of 5 818 eligible VLBWI were enrolled, with 2 982 (51.3%) males and the gestational age of 30 (29, 31) weeks. The incidence of CH was 5.5% (319 VLBWI). Among the CH group, only 121 VLBWI (37.9%) were diagnosed at the first screening. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that CH was associated with increased incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) ( OR=1.31(1.04-1.64), P<0.05) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) of stage Ⅲ and above ( OR=1.74(1.11-2.75), P<0.05). However, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed no significant correlation between CH and EUGR, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in stage Ⅱ or above, and ROP in stage Ⅲ or above ( OR=1.04 (0.81-1.33), 0.79 (0.54-1.15), 1.15 (0.58-2.26), 1.43 (0.81-2.53), 1.12 (0.70-1.80), all P>0.05). Conclusion:There is no significant correlation between CH and in-hospital adverse outcomes, possibly due to timely diagnosis and active replacement therapy.

Objective: To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Wenzhou from 2009 to 2014, so as to provide the scientific basis for control and prevention of influenza. Methods: Throat swab specimens of influenza like illness (ILI) were collected from national influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals for nucleic acid detection with real-time PCR and virus isolation, culture and sequencing, and the results were analyzed with statistical methods. Results: During the 8 years, a total of 10 577 089 cases from outpatient and emergency department were monitored in sentinel hospitals. There were 337 896 ILI cases with an average ILI treatment rate of 3.19%. A total of 4 046 ILI samples were detected in children, 511 were positive for influenza, the positive rate was 12.63%. Among the detected influenza types, type B had the highest proportion, followed by H3N2. Among the 6 age groups, the number of flu patients was the highest in 0-3 years old group, the positive rate in 10-12 years old group was the highest (35.03%). There were 28 and 45 amino acid sequence mutations of HA fragment in influenza A and B, respectively, which included multiple mutation of 391 and 145 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains of type B were different in different years, and Yamagata evolved into Y1 and Y2 two branches. Conclusions The prevalence peaks of influenza in children occurred in winter and spring in Wenzhou city, accompanied by small peaks in summer. Three subtypes of serotypes B, H3N2 and A(H1N1) dominated alternatively in Wenzhou during the 8 years. We should focus on strengthening the prevention and control of influenza in preschool children and primary and secondary school students.