The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing, and newer research is finding that stones are associated with several serious morbidities. These facts suggest that emphasis needs to be placed not only on stone treatment but also stone prevention. However, there is a relative dearth of information on dietary and medical therapies to treat and avoid nephrolithiasis. In addition, studies have shown that there are many misconceptions among both the general community and physicians about how stones should be managed. This article is meant to serve as a review of the current literature on dietary and drug therapies for stone prevention.
Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; *Diet ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*prevention & control ; Potassium Citrate/therapeutic use ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urological Agents/*therapeutic use

Male sexual function requires an intricate interplay between the man and his environment. Cognitive integration and physiological response to sexual stimulation is dependent on complex neurologic functions that may be impaired by central or peripheral neurologic disorders. This article reviews the normal neuroanatomy of sexual functioning in men, and the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of sexual dysfunction in spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
Erectile Dysfunction ; epidemiology ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Sclerosis ; complications ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; complications ; Parkinson Disease ; complications ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; complications ; Stroke ; complications

Spinal cord injury (SCI) commonly affects males in their reproductive years. After spinal cord injury, most men experience fertility related problems including erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction, impaired spermatogenesis, abnormal sperm viability, motility, and morphology, genitourinary infection and endocrine abnormalities. In this article we will review the pathophysiology, evaluation and management of infertility in spinal cord injury. The impact of spinal cord injury on seminal plasma and the contribution of seminal oxidative stress to the poor sperm quality of men with spinal cord injury will be presented. Success with sperm retrieval techniques and assisted reproductive technology in SCI men with spinal cord injury will be discussed.
Ejaculation ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; Male ; Reproductive Techniques ; Semen ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; complications ; physiopathology ; Testis ; physiopathology