Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coro-navirus (MERS-CoV) in the twenty-first century. In this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss current knowledge of molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 on the base of the present understanding of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, which may be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective To systematically review the effects of different delivery routes of oxytocin in preventing hemorrhage after cesarean section.Methods Databases including PubMed,Medline,Embase,Cochrane library,Wanfang Medical Database,China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI),VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals were searched by computers and Conference papers were manually searched.The randomized,controlled clinical trials of oxytocin given by intramuscular injection,intravenous injection or intravenous infusion were included in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.The quality of included literatures was evaluated by Cochrane systematic evaluation.The primary outcome measure was intraoperative amount of blood loss or change in Hb before and after operation.The secondary outcome measures were changes in blood pressure and heart rate,electrocardiogram,uterine contraction and other adverse reactions after using oxytocin.Results Seven studies involving 2 325 patients were included in this meta-analysis.Among the 2 325 patients,oxytocin was given through intramuscular injection in 79 cases,by intravenous injection in 1 147 cases and in the way of intravenous infusion in 1 099 cases.Compared with intramuscular injection group or intravenous infusion group,no significant change was found in the amount of blood loss during operation in intravenous injection group (P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of blood loss during operation between intravenous injection group and intravenous infusion group (P＞0.05).Intravenously infusing oxytocin produced less effect on the mean arterial pressure and heart rate than intravenously injecting oxytocin (P＜0.01).Conclusion Intravenous infusion is a suitable route for oxytocin delivery in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on the clinical pathway of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with chronic cholecystitis and gallstones.Methods From June 2017 to December 2017,94 patients with chronic cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the Department of General Surgery of First Hospltal of Huainan City were analyzed retrospectively.All patients were included in clinical pathway management.According to whether the perioperative period was combined with ERAS,there were 45 cases in the study group and 49 cases in the control group.The study group was combined with ERAS during perioperative period,while the control group received traditional perioperative management.The preoperative hospitalization days,operative time,intraoperative bleeding volume,total hospitalization days,postoperative complications,hospitalization costs,postoperative hospitalization days,clinical pathway completion rate and positive and negative variation rates were compared between the two groups.The measurement data were expressed by (Mean ± SD),and the comparisons between groups were performed by t test;Comparisons of count data were analyzed using chi-square test or Fisher exact probability.Results Preoperative hospitalization days,operation time,intraoperative bleeding volume,total hospitalization days and postoperative complications in the study group were (3.3 ± 1.2) d,(63.1 ± 24.3) min,(9.4 ± 3.9) ml,(7.1 ± 1.5) d and 1 case respectively,while those in the control group were (3.2 ± 1.5) d,(68.4 ± 25.4) min,(9.5 ± 2.9) ml,(8.4 ± 1.8) d and 2 cases respectively,and the differences between the two groups ware not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Postoperative hospitalization days,hospitalization expenses and shortened hospitalization days in the study group were (2.9 ± 0.8) d,(9 407.2 ± 500.9) yuan and 64.4％ (29/45) respectively,while those in the control group were (4.5 ± 1.1) d,(10 594.9 ±792.3) yuan and 36.7％ (18/49) respectively.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis with cholecystolithiasis combined with ERAS during the implementation of clinical pathway can shorten postoperative hospital stay,reduce hospitalization costs,increase the positive variation rate of clinical pathway without increasing postoperative complications.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between preoperative thyroid function and central lymph node metastasis in cN0 unilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).Methods:The clinical data of 208 patients with cN0 unilateral PTMC admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology from July 2020 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into a metastasis group( n=64) and a non-metastasis group( n=144) according to whether there was central lymph node metastasis in postoperative pathology. The preoperative serum free three iodine thyroid gland (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) , anti thyroid globulin antibody (TGAb), paraffin pathological results and general data were compared between the two groups of patients. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software. The measurement data of normal distribution were expressed by Mean±SD , and comparison between groups was performed by t test. Non-normal distribution measurement data were expressed as [ M( Q1, Q3)], and comparison between groups was performed by Mann-Whitney U test. Enumeration data were represented by n(%), and comparison between groups was performed by chi-square. Multivariate analysis was conducted by binary logistic multivariate regression analysis. Results:In 208 PTMC patients with cN0, the rate of central lymph node metastasis was 30.77% (64/208). The misexcision rate of parathyroid gland was 28.13% (18/64) in the metastatic group, 25.69% (37/144) in the non-metastatic group, and the overall misexcision rate was 26.44%. There were no significant differences in age, tumor subtypes, combined hashimoto′s thyroiditis, multiple lesions, FT3, FT4, TGAb and TPOAb between the metastatic group and the non-metastatic group ( P>0.05). The proportion of male patients in the metastatic group was higher than that in the non-metastatic group (32.81% vs 19.44%, χ2=4.38, P=0.036), the tumor diameter in the metastatic group was larger than that in the non-metastatic group [(0.63±0.23)cm vs (0.49±0.22)cm, χ2=3.99, P<0.001], and the preoperative TSH in the metastatic group was higher than that in the non-metastatic group[2.87(1.92, 4.95) vs 2.04(1.56, 2.84), Z=2.48, P=0.024], and differences between the two groups was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male, tumor diameter and preoperative TSH were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in central region ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The central lymph node metastasis rate of cN0 unilateral PTMC is high. Male, patients with large tumor diameter and high preoperative TSH should be alert to occult lymph node metastasis, and the protection of parathyroid glands should be strengthened during central lymph node dissection.

Objective:To explore the application effect and value of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) in acute appendicitis.Methods:The clinical data of 70 cases of adult acute appendicitis in the Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology from July 2017 to June 2018 were analyzed retrospectively, including 35 males and 35 females, aged (41.4 ± 14.6) years and ranging from 18 to 70 years. According to the different perioperative management methods, the study group was divided into study group ( n=35) and control group ( n=35). The study group adopted systematic and orderly intervention measures guided by ERAS during the perioperative period, and the control group adopted the traditional perioperative management scheme. The differences in the preoperative white blood cells, operation time, intraoperative bleeding, the first time of get out the bed, the time of anus ventilation, the 24 hour postoperative pain score, the hospital days, postoperative complications, leukocyte examination 72 days after operation and total cost were compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed by mean±standard deviation ( Mean± SD). T test was used for comparison between groups. Counting data were expressed by percentages, and chi-square test and Fisher test were used in comparison between groups. Results:In the study group, the leukocytes before operation, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay and leukocyte examination 72 days after operation were respectively (13.3±4.7)×10 9/L, (66.5±18.7) min, (11.7±6.6) mL, (5.8±1.6) d, (7.5±2.6)×10 9/L; while the control group were respectively (13.3±3.5)×10 9/L, (71.9±21.7) min, (12.5±7.1) mL, (7.3±2.7) d, (7.9±2.4)×10 9/L. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P> 0.05). In the study group, the first time to get out of bed, the time of anal ventilation, the 24 hour postoperative pain score, the total cost of hospitalization and postoperative complications were (8.3±1.4) h, (21.6±3.6) h, (2.3±0.5) scores, (7 058.0±1 329.9) yuan, 2 csaes; while the control group were respectively (11.1±2.8) h, (35.0±5.3) h, (3.4±0.8) scores, (8 621.3±2 625.6) yuan, 9 cases; The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of ERAS in the perioperative management of acute appendicitis is safe and effective. It can accelerate the anal ventilation, reduce postoperative pain, reduce postoperative complications, reduce the total hospitalization costs, and have significant social and economic benefits.

Objective:To explore the influence of the timing of the drainage tube removal on the clinical pathway after radical resection of papillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods:The clinical data of 64 patients with radical resection of papillary thyroid carcinoma discharged to the department of general surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology from December 2019 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 14 males and 50 females, aged (45.8 ± 11.7) years and ranging from 23 to 73 years. According to the amount of postoperative drainage fluid, decide whether to extubate and divide the patient into a study group and a control group, there were 37 cases in the study group and 27 cases in the control group. The extubation indication in the study group was 24 hours of drainage fluid volume <20 mL, the control group was 24 hours of drainage fluid volume <10 mL. The differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, tumor diameter, number of lymph node dissection, extubation time, postoperative complications, hospitalization cost, postoperative hospitalization time, total hospitalization time, and clinical path completion rate were compared between the two groups. The measurement data of normal distribution were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( Mean± SD), and the t test was used for comparison between groups, the measurement data of non-normal distribution were measured by M ( P25, P75), and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparison between groups.Counting data were expressed as percentages(%), and chi-square test was used in comparison between groups. Results:There were no significant difference between the two groups in the operation time, total intraoperative blood loss, tumor diameter, number of lymph node dissections, postoperative complications and hospitalization costs( P>0.05). The extubation time, postoperative hospitalization time, hospitalization time and clinical path completion rate of the study group were 2.9(2.5, 3.5) d、3.0(3.0, 3.5) d、7.0(7.0, 8.5) d and 70.3% (26/37), vespectively. In the control group, they were 4.5(3.8, 5.5) d、5.0(4.0, 6.0) d、11.0(10.0, 13.0) d and 11.1% (3/27), respectively. The difference between the two groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:After radical resection of papillary thyroid cancer, taking the 24 h drainage volume <20 mL as the timing of extubation does not increase the incidence of postoperative complications, which can significantly shorten the extubation time, postoperative hospitalization time and total hospitalization time and improve clinical path completion rate.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of three cases with infant botulism.

METHODClinical data of three clinically diagnosed cases with infant botulism in May 2015 in Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Literature search at databases of PubMed, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP with the key words"infant AND botulism". The date of literature retrieval was from the database founding to November 2015. The characteristics of infant botulism were summarized through review of literature.

RESULTThree patients were infants of 4-8 months of age, and all had acute onsets of anorexia and poor response. All of them had normal psychomotor development previously, and without clear history of exposure to poisons. The main findings on physical examination were reduced muscle strength and hypotonia, dullness or disappeared pupillary light reflex, reduced facial expression, weak crying and dysphagia. Unexpectedly their states of consciousness were relatively normal. Finally, through identification and PCR genotyping of bacteria in stool, 2 cases were confirmed as Clostridium (C.) botulinum type B infection. Totally 446 reports were retrieved from foreign language literature and 52 reports from Chinese literature. More than 3,000 cases of infant botulism cases were reported in the world. Rare cases were reported in China and only 1 case was reported in 2000.

CONCLUSIONMost cases of infant botulism had no clear exposure history. The main clinical manifestations are hypotonia, cranial nerve paralysis, flaccid paralysis, but different patients may have different presentations. Detection of C. Botulinum and its toxin in stool can help to confirm the diagnosis. Infant botulism is relatively rare in China, which may be related to the insufficient understanding and inspection level of the disease. It might be underestimated in China.

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is the most common complication in patients discharged from intensive care unit (ICU), which seriously affects the life quality of the patients. At present, there is still lack of standardevaluation methods for PICS. Continuous and dynamic assessment can earlyidentify PICS, moreover, early identification and intervention of PICS can improve the life quality of patients those patients, which is critical to improve the long-term outcome of the patients. In this paper, we reviewed the current research states of evaluation timing, contents, tools and modalities of PICS domestic and abroad, analyzed the problems and prospects of the existing evaluation methods, aiming to provide a reference for clinical staff to effectively and comprehensively evaluate PICS.

Adulteration in meat products is a widespread issue that could lead to serious threats to public health and religious violations. Technology that offers rapid, sensitive, accurate and reliable detection of meat species is the key to an effectual monitoring and control against meat adulteration. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing-based DNA metabarcoding technology has developed rapidly. With the characteristics of being high-throughput, highly precise and high-speed, this technology can simultaneously identify multiple species in complex samples, thus offering pronounced advantages in the surveillance of adulteration in meat and meat products. Starting with an introduction of the major developments in the high-throughput sequencing technology in the past two decades, this review provides an overview of the technical characteristics and research methods of DNA metabarcoding, summarizes the application of DNA metabarcoding technology in meat adulteration detection over the last few years, discusses the challenges of using DNA metabarcoding technology in the detection of meat adulteration, and provides future prospects on the development of this technology.
DNA ; Food Contamination/analysis* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods* ; Meat/analysis* ; Meat Products ; Technology

Objective·To explore the immune-related characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),discover potential tumor markers in V-J genes,and lay the foundation for establishing a TCR-antigen recognition prediction model.Methods·A total of 704 NSCLC samples were collected to establish a comprehensive T-cell receptor(TCR)repertoire analysis workflow.The upstream analysis included steps such as raw data processing,quality control,filtering,TCR sequence identification,and extraction.The downstream analysis included repertoire clone distribution,clone typing,V-J gene sharing,CDR3 distribution characteristics,and clone tracking.The sample clone distribution was analyzed by using indices such as Shannon-Weiner index and Chaol index.Clone typing was performed based on the number of clone amplifications to explore differences among different types.The degree of V-J gene segment sharing was analyzed,and the sharing of low-frequency clone types was determined through clone amplification weight analysis of V-J genes by using two samples of papillary thyroid carcinoma.Finally,analysis of the distribution characteristics of V genes and high-frequency clone type CDR3,and clone tracking analysis were conducted to monitor changes in tumor immune clone frequencies before and after analysis,aiming to identify potential tumor markers.Results·① Significant differences were observed in clone distribution and clone typing among different NSCLC tissues,as well as among different ages and genders.② Specific highly-shared V-J genes were identified in the analysis of V-J gene sharing,and non-normal distribution of high-clone V genes and amino acid high-frequency clone types were found in the CDR3 distribution analysis.③ In the analysis of high-frequency clone type clone tracking,highly expressed or newly expressed high-frequency clone types were observed in NSCLC,suggesting that these clone types could serve as potential tumor-associated antigens or bind with CDR3 reference sequences of new antigens.④ It was found that the expression frequency of TRBJ2-5 gene,originally low-expressed,significantly increased,indicating its potential role as a key low-frequency gene in tumor immune response.Conclusion·The TRAV21 and TRBV6.5 genes show high clone amplification in NSCLC and could serve as potential tumor biomarkers.