Penile augmentation with injection of paraffin is a common practice in South East Asia. Penile paraffinoma occurring due to injection of liquid paraffin to enhance the size of the penis is an uncommon condition. Normally, this procedure is carried out by nonmedical personnel, without the prior knowledge or consultation of any urologist. The occurrence of such a deforming procedure is not commonly known to the medical profession in Malaysia.

Several authors have made efforts to define the position of the axillary nerve within deltoid muscle and to calculate the so called safe area for this nerve but it still remains a matter of debate. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the acromio-axillary (AA) distance and its correlation with upper arm length. The secondary aim was to re-define the safe area for axillary nerve within deltoid muscle. Sixty shoulders of thirty adult human cadavers were dissected using standard methods. The distance from the anterior and posterior edge of acromion to the upper border of the course of the axillary nerve was measured and recorded as anterior and posterior AA distance respectively. Correlation analysis was done between the upper arm length and AA distance for each limb. The ratios between anterior and posterior AA distance and upper arm length were calculated and mentioned as anterior index and posterior index, respectively. The mean of anterior and posterior AA distance was 5.22 cm and 4.17 cm, respectively. The mean of upper arm length was 29.30 cm. The means of anterior index and posterior indices were 0.18 and 0.14, respectively. There was a significant correlation between upper arm length and both the anterior and posterior AA distance. The axillary nerve was found to lie at variable distance from the acromion. The minimum AA distance was found to be 3.50 cm. So this should be considered as the maximum permissible length of the deltoid split. Upper arm length has strong correlation with both anterior and posterior AA distances. The ideal safe area for the axillary nerve was found to be a quadrangular area above it and the size of which depends on the length of the upper arm.
Acromion ; Adult ; Arm ; Cadaver* ; Deltoid Muscle* ; Extremities ; Humans ; Shoulder

The mother of a 9-month-old female infant complained that her child was unable to pass urine at the same time noticing a mass protruding from the vaginal orifice.The infant had a single episode of vaginal bleeding.The primary concern of the mother was the inability of the daughter to micturate. Malignant germ cell tumour arising from an infant vagina is rare and accounts for about 3% of all paedriatic malignancies. These are also referred to as endodermal sinus tumours or yolk sac tumours, and are mostly the commonest form of infant vaginal malignancies encountered. A diagnosis of endodermal sinus tumour was established based on the histology and raised α-fetoprotein levels.These tumours had Schiller-Duval bodies which are primarily blood vessels surrounded by primordial germ cells and were periodic acid shift (PAS) positive diastase resistant hyaline globules which also stain positive with αfetoprotein which is an important diagnostic feature. Tumours with high α-fetoprotein levels have a poorer prognosis. However, they respond satisfactorily to chemotherapy

OBJECTIVES: Efficient identification of subject experts or expert communities is vital for the growth of any organization. Most of the available expert finding systems are based on self-nomination, which can be biased, and are unable to rank experts. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a robust and unbiased expert finding system which can quantitatively measure expertise. METHODS: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a controlled vocabulary developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for indexing research publications, articles and books. Using the MeSH terms associated with peer-reviewed articles published from India and indexed in PubMed, we developed a Web-based program which can be used to identify subject experts and subjects associated with an expert. RESULTS: We have extensively tested our system to identify experts from India in various subjects. The system provides a ranked list of experts where known experts rank at the top of the list. The system is general; since it uses information available with the PubMed, it can be implemented for any country. CONCLUSIONS: The expert finding system is able to successfully identify subject experts in India. Our system is unique because it allows the quantification of subject expertise, thus enabling the ranking of experts. Our system is based on peer-reviewed information. Use of MeSH terms as subjects has standardized the subject terminology. The system matches requirements of an ideal expert finding system.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Data Mining ; Expert Systems ; India ; Medical Subject Headings* ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Online Systems ; Professional Competence ; Vocabulary, Controlled