OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the accuracy of 3D laser scanning is influenced by the angles and number of scans. METHODS: Using a 3D laser scanner, 10 manikins with facial markers were scanned at 7 horizontal angles (front view and at 20degrees, 45degrees, and 60degrees angles on the right and left sides). Three-dimensional facial images were reconstructed by 6 methods differing in the number and angles of scans, and measurements of these images were compared to the physical measurements from the manikins. RESULTS: The laser scan images were magnified by 0.14 - 0.26%. For images reconstructed by merging 2 scans, excluding the front view; and by merging 3 scans, including the front view and scans obtained at 20degrees on both sides; several measurements were significantly different than the physical measurements. However, for images reconstructed by merging 3 scans, including the front view; and 5 scans, including the front view and scans obtained at 20degrees and 60degrees on both sides; only 1 measurement was significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the number and angle of scans influence the accuracy of 3D laser scanning. A minimum of 3 scans, including the front view and scans obtained at more than 45degrees on both sides, should be integrated to obtain accurate 3D facial images.
Manikins

Anthropometry ; Head ; Manikins

Three combinations of cloths were evaluated for the protective effects of different kinds of clothings in cold environments. Table 1 shows tile components of tile three models of clothings. A prototype was made by putting a sheet of vinyl at the middle layer of raw cotton in a fabric-quilt cloths. A glove mannequin was covered by each of these cloths. The globes contained 1,000 cc of hot water about 40 degrees C. Tele-thermisters were fixed in order to check the temperature of cloths space and water temperature for evaluation of caloric-loss and climate of clothings. Results are summarized as follows : 1) Without wind, there is no significant difference of air temperatures between ski-parka and quilt wear clothing. 2) The prototype with vinyl sheet best protects against wind, the next is the ski-parka. Quilt-wear protects the least. 3) It is well-known that a working-clothing needs not have any separate liners nor outers. 4) For innermost layer of a clothing preventing cold, a cotton-fabrics is recommended and a water-proof cloths for outer layer. 5) Heat-loss was calculated from the cooling degrees of water. Calorie-loss was 910ca1/m2/hr. when bared, but with the prototype of vinyl sheets the calorie-loss was 350cal/m2/hr. (38.5% of bared). Quilt-wear and ski-parka were 380(41.8%) and 440 cal/m2/hr. (48.4%) respectively.
Climate ; Clothing* ; Manikins ; Water ; Wind*

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to determine whether application of ventilation in line with compression rate in performance of CPR for cardiac arrest patients was helpful in maintaining an adequate ventilation rate. METHODS: Volunteers who received education on the revised 2010 CPR guidelines were randomly assigned to either a conventional ventilation (CV) group or a compression-adjusted ventilation (CAV) group. During performance of CPR, compression rate and ventilation rate were measured every minute, and the participants' roles were changed every two minutes; CPR was performed for a total of eight minutes. RESULTS: A total of 57 volunteers participated in this study. No statistically significant difference was observed between the compression rate of the CV group and that of the CAV group. However, regarding adequacy of the ventilation rate, greater improvement was observed in the CAV group, compared with the CV group (adequate ventilation: 86.2% vs. 46.4%, p<0.001). In addition, the median value of the ventilation rate was 8.4/min (IQR: 7.7-9.6) in the CV group and 9.5/min (IQR: 9.0-10.0) in the CAV group (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: When no other valid approach is available, use of the CAV method is conducive to maintenance of an adequate ventilation rate.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Manikins ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: To maintain high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), optimal alternating rescuers is important. Stronger and faster chest compression has recently been emphasized in the 2010 guidelines. Therefore, this study compared and evaluated changes in the quality of chest compression in a 2-min scenario group and a 1-min scenario group. METHODS: Among the 88 participants, two-rescuer pairs were randomly allocated. After the training and a one-day break, participants were asked to perform continuous chest compressions for 2 min on a manikin and to take a one-day break, followed by continuous chest compression for 1 min. In all simulated CPRs, the total number of chest compressions and those with appropriate depth were counted. Chest compression quality index was calculated as the proportion of chest compressions with appropriate depth. RESULTS: The mean overall chest compression depth was lower in the 2-min scenario group, compared with the 1-min scenario group. In particular, compression rate (p=0.110), abnormal hand position (p=0.181), and chest recoil (p=0.892) showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the quality index, mean depth (p=0.018) and too shallow compression depth (p=0.020) 1-min scenario was better than that of the 2-min scenario group. The difference in the CPR quality index reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Switching compressors at an interval of 2 min is reasonable for performance of CPR by a lay-bystander. However, alternating rescuers every 1 min may be an alternative method during continuous chest compression.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Fatigue ; Hand ; Manikins ; Thorax

PURPOSE: Inflation of an endotracheal tube cuff with adequate pressure is an important procedure. Passive release technique (PRT) is a useful and convenient method for inflating the cuff. To date, no study comparing this method with minimal occlusive volume technique (MOVT), one of the most commonly used methods for inflating the cuff, has been reported. We conducted this study for comparison of effectiveness, difficulty, and preference between the two methods. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, crossover, randomized study in which participants used each technique, one at a time. Participants inflated the cuff of an endotracheal tube inserted into a manikin after receiving brief education on use of the two methods. After inflating the cuff using each method, pressure and volume of the inflated cuff were measured using a portable manometer and syringes, respectively. Then, difficulty of each method was investigated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and preference for each method was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 47 participants were enrolled in the study. The mean pressure between the two methods was not statistically different (p=0.27). However, adequate pressure was achieved in 37 (78.7%) and 16 (34.0%) of participants in PRT and MOVT, respectively (p<0.01). The mean volume was 6.0+/-0.4 ml in PRT and 5.7+/-0.6 ml in MOVT (p<0.01). The VAS score for diffculty was 17.7+/-15.8 in PRT and 76.0+/-15.8 in MOVT (p<0.01). Preference for PRT was 46(97.9%) and that for MOVT was 1 (2.1%). CONCLUSION: PRT is an easier, more preferred, and more effective method for cuff inflation than MOVT.
Inflation, Economic ; Intubation ; Manikins ; Prospective Studies ; Syringes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of the GlideRite stylet with the conventional malleable stylet (CMS) in endotracheal intubation (ETI) by the Macintosh laryngoscope. METHODS: This study is a randomized, crossover, simulation study. Participants performed ETI using both the GlideRite stylet and the CMS in a normal airway model and a tongue edema model (simulated difficult airway resulting in lower percentage of glottic opening [POGO]). RESULTS: In both the normal and tongue edema models, all 36 participants successfully performed ETI with the two stylets on the first attempt. In the normal airway model, there was no difference in time required for ETI (TETI) or in ease of handling between the two stylets. In the tongue edema model, the TETI using the CMS increased as the POGO score decreased (POGO score was negatively correlated with TETI for the CMS, Spearman’s rho=-0.518, P=0.001); this difference was not seen with the GlideRite (rho=-0.208, P=0.224). The TETI was shorter with the GlideRite than with the CMS, however, this difference was not statistically significant (15.1 vs. 18.8 seconds, P=0.385). Ease of handling was superior with the GlideRite compared with the CMS (P=0.006). CONCLUSION: Performance of the GlideRite and the CMS were not different in the normal airway model. However, in the simulated difficult airway model with a low POGO score, the GlideRite performed better than the CMS for direct laryngoscopic intubation.
Edema ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Laryngoscopes* ; Manikins* ; Tongue

OBJECTIVES: The current study aims to develop Korean Social Affective Visual Stimuli (K-SAVS) to arouse social affect. METHODS: K-SAVS is composed of pictures of social situations among East Asians. Each picture contains a negative, positive, or neutral affect. Positive and negative stimuli were presented to one group of subjects. Negative and neutral stimuli were presented to another group of subjects. All subjects were required to fill out Affective Valence and Arousal Manikin. RESULTS: In the initial test, 18 positive affective stimuli pictures (1 set) and 36 negative affective stimuli pictures (2 sets) were chosen from 95 stimuli pictures. Positive affective stimuli pictures showed higher valence (p < 0.001) and lower arousal (p < 0.001) than negative affective stimuli pictures. In the confirmatory test, 18 neutral stimuli pictures (1 set) were additionally selected out of the total of 79 pictures of neutral stimuli pictures and the pictures used in the former experiment. Neutral stimuli pictures showed higher valence (p < 0.001) and lower arousal (p < 0.001) than negative affective stimuli pictures. CONCLUSION: K-SAVS can be a valid and useful tool for inducing specific social affects of Koreans.
Arousal ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Manikins

PURPOSE: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training can improve performance during simulated cardiac arrest; however, retention of skills after training remains uncertain. Recently, hands-only CPR has been shown to be as effective as conventional CPR. The purpose of this study was to compare the retention rate of CPR skills in laypersons between the two hands-only and conventional CPR training methods. METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two training groups: The hands-only CPR group with 80 minutes of training or the conventional CPR group with 180 minutes of training. The CPR skills for each participant were evaluated at the end of the training session and at 3 months thereafter, using the Resusci Anne® manikin with a skillreporting software. RESULTS: A total of 252 participants completed the training sessions; of which, 125 participants were in the hands-only CPR group and 127 in the conventional CPR group. After 3 months, 118 participants were randomly selected to complete a post-training test. The hands-only CPR group showed a significant decrease in the average compression rate (p=0.015), average compression depth (p=0.031), and proportion of adequate compression depth (p=0.011). Contrastingly, there were no differences with respect to the retention of skills in the conventional CPR group after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The conventional CPR training appears to be more effective with respect to retention of chest compression skills compared with hands-only CPR training; however, the retention of artificial ventilation skills after conventional CPR training remains poor.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Education* ; Heart Arrest ; Manikins ; Retention (Psychology) ; Thorax ; Ventilation

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have highlighted the use of a video laryngoscope, a promising airway device that enables faster intubation than a Macintosh laryngoscope without the cessation of chest compressions. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of a Pentax AirwayScope (AWS) with that of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) when utilized by unskilled personnel in a mannequin model while performing chest compressions. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled crossover trial to compare the effects of these two airway devices. A total of 36 participants performed intubation on a mannequin, with each device in both common and moderate level of difficulty airway scenarios. The time to successful ventilation, rate of ventilation success, and subjective difficulty in manipulating the devices were compared. RESULTS: In a scenario with airways of common difficulty, the LMA had a shorter time interval to successful ventilation than the AWS (13.6 vs. 25.2 seconds, respectively, p<0.001). In a scenario with moderately difficult airways, the LMA was also shorter than the AWS (14.5 vs. 26.9 seconds, respectively, p<0.001). For every level of difficulty for the airway, the LMA showed a higher successful ventilation rate and a lower extent of difficulty in device operation than the AWS (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the pre-hospital setting, using the LMA could enable an unskilled rescuer to establish airway patency more rapidly. LMA might also be safer and easier for operation than the AWS.
Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Masks ; Laryngoscopes ; Manikins ; Thorax ; Ventilation