PURPOSE: To judge the injury mode and injury severity of the real human body through the measured values of anthropomorphic test devices (ATD) injury indices, the mapping relationship of lumbar injury between ATD and human body model (HBM) was explored. METHODS: Through the ATD model and HBM simulation, the mapping relationship of lumbar injury between the 2 subjects was explored. The sled environment consisted of a semi-rigid seat with an adjustable seatback angle and a 3-point seat belt system with a seatback-mounted D-ring. Three seatback recline states of 25°, 45°, and 65° were designed, and the seat pan angle was maintained at 15°. A 23 g, 47 km/h pulse was used. The validity of the finite element model of the sled was verified by the comparison of ATD simulation and test results. ATD model was the test device for human occupant restraint for autonomous vehicles (THOR-AV) dummy model and HBM was the total human model for safety (THUMS) v6.1. The posture of the 2 models was adjusted to adapt to the 3 seat states. The lumbar response of THOR-AV and the mechanical and biomechanical data on L1 - L5 vertebrae of THUMS were output, and the response relationship between THOR-AV and THUMS was descriptive statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Both THOR-AV and THUMS were submarined in the 65° seatback angle case. With the change of seatback angle, the lumbar spine axial compression force (F_z) of THOR-AV and THUMS changed in the similar trend. The maximum F_z ratio of THOR-AV to THUMS at 25° and 45° seatback angle cases were 1.6 and 1.7. The flexion moment (M_y) and the time when the maximum M_y occurred in the 2 subjects were very different. In particular, the form of moment experienced by the L1 - L5 vertebrae of THUMS also changed. The changing trend of M_y measured by THOR-AV over time can reflect the changing trend of maximum stress of L1 and L2 of THUMS. CONCLUSION The F_z of ATD and HBM presents a certain proportional relationship, and there is a mapping relationship between the 2 subjects on F_z. The mapping function can be further clarified by applying more pulses and adopting more seatback angles. It is difficult to map M_y directly because they are very different in ATD and HBM. The M_y of ATD and stress of HBM lumbar showed a similar change trend over time, and there may be a hidden mapping relationship.
Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae/injuries* ; Finite Element Analysis ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Manikins ; Spinal Injuries/physiopathology*

Decontamination ; Disinfection ; Manikins ; Protective Clothing ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Health Personnel

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was factors affecting self-efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in adults. Therefore, the provide basic data for strategy development to improve the performance rate of bystander CPR. METHODS: The data were collected from 164,165 adults of the 2016 Korean Community Health Survey. The survey method was 1:1 interview with households, and the survey period was from August 16, 2016 to October 31, 2016. The survey variables were as follows: self-efficacy of CPR, awareness of CPR, training experience of CPR, demographic characteristics, medical characteristics, health promoting behaviors, and safety practices. RESULTS: The rate of self-efficacy of CPR in adults was 60.6%. Factors affecting self-efficacy of CPR were age, sex, residence, education level, occupation, marital status, any CPR training, CPR training within the last 2 years, CPR training with manikin within the last 2 years, emergency room visit within the last 1 year, physical activity status, drive a bicycle, seat belts on rear seat, seat belts when riding a bus were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in order to improve the self-efficacy of CPR in adults, the recent experience rate of CPR education, the practice rate of health promotion behavior, and the practice rate of safety behavior should be improved. The government should expand the provision of education programs to improve the self-efficacy of CPR and actively prepare national-level public advertisements strategies.
Adult ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Education ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Family Characteristics ; Health Promotion ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Manikins ; Marital Status ; Motor Activity ; Occupations ; Seat Belts ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Animals ; Cartilage, Articular ; Chondrocytes ; Collagen ; Collagen Type II ; Glucosamine ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Knee ; Male ; Manikins ; Models, Theoretical ; Osteoarthritis ; Proteoglycans ; Rats ; Risedronate Sodium

Since the first use of the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope, a plethora of new airway equipment has become available. It is essential for clinicians to understand the role and limitations of the available equipment to make appropriate choices. The recent 4th National Audit Project conducted in the United Kingdom found that poor judgement with inappropriate choice of equipment was a contributory factor in airway morbidity and mortality. Given the many modern airway adjuncts that are available, we aimed to define the role of flexible fibreoptic intubation in decision-making and management of anticipated and unanticipated difficult airways. We also reviewed the recent literature regarding the role of flexible fibreoptic intubation in specific patient groups who may present with difficult intubation, and concluded that the flexible fibrescope maintains its important role in difficult airway management.
Airway Management ; methods ; Airway Obstruction ; complications ; Anesthesia ; methods ; Bronchoscopy ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Laryngoscopes ; Manikins ; Obesity ; complications ; Respiratory System ; Skull Fractures ; complications

OBJECTIVE: Several environmental factors influence the prehospital use of video laryngoscopes (VLs). For example, fogging of the VL lens can occur in cold environments, and the low temperature can cause the VLs to malfunction. As relevant research on the effect of environment on VLs is lacking, we aimed to study the effect of a cold environment on three commonly used VLs.METHODS: McGrath MAC, Pentax Airway Scope (AWS), and GlideScope Ranger were exposed to temperatures of -5°C, -10°C, -20°C, and -25°C for 1 hour each and then applied to a manikin in a thermohydrostat room 5 times. Immediately after turning on the power and inserting the blade, the time until an appropriate glottic image appeared on the screen was measured.RESULTS: McGrath MAC was able to accomplish immediate intubation regardless of the temperature drop. However, GlideScope Ranger required an average of 4.9 seconds (-5°C to -20°C) and 10.1 seconds (-25°C) until appropriate images were obtained for intubation. AWS showed adequate image acquisition immediately after blade insertion despite slight fogging at -20°C, but at -25°C, images suitable for intubation did not appear on the screen for an average of 4.7 minutes.CONCLUSION: All three devices appear to be usable without any limitations up to -20°C. However, GlideScope Ranger and AWS may not produce images immediately at temperatures below -25°C. Thus, medical practitioners performing VL in a cold environment should be aware of the characteristics of the VL devices in advance.
Cold Temperature ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngoscopes ; Manikins ; Weather

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare providers are exposed to risky environments during prehospital transportation when they give O₂ supply to patients. This study examined the problems with risky environments during prehospital transportation and suggests safe and efficient O₂ supply methods through extension tube simulation. METHODS: Fifty-seven volunteers participated the study. The volunteer's back angle was measured during transportation simulation. This study measured the grip strength difference and forearm circumference difference in two situations. Without an extension tube and with extension tube, the participants measured the grip strength and forearm circumference before and after giving an O₂ supply to the mannequin for 5 minutes. The participants replied which body part showed the most discomfort. RESULTS: In the without extension tube group, participants leaned forward on average. On the other hand, the mean of anterior angle was 0° with an extension tube group. Without an extension tube, the grip strength decreased by whereas it decreased by with an extension tube. The decrease in grip strength was similar in both groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the forearm circumference. With the extension tube, 43.9% of participants reported no discomfort when they gave an O₂ supply. CONCLUSION: The extension tube improved the healthcare provider's safety and O₂ supply convenience during pre-hospital transportation.
Delivery of Health Care ; Emergencies ; Forearm ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Manikins ; Transportation ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVE: The UE Video Stylet VL400-S2 (UE Medical Devices, Newton, MA, USA) and Ambu aScope (Ambu, Copenhagen, Denmark) were recently introduced rigid video stylets and single-use fiberoptic bronchoscopes, respectively. To compare the utility of the two sets of equipment, this study conducted a randomized cross-over study using a manikin. METHODS: Twenty-eight novice doctors performed tracheal intubation on an airway trainer manikin (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway). The sequence of intubation devices was randomized. The following data were measured and recorded: time to complete tracheal intubation (primary end point), overall success rate, time to see the glottis, and time to tube passage. RESULTS: The video stylet (24 seconds; interquartile range [IQR] 18–36) showed a significantly shorter completion time of the tracheal intubation than the fiberoptic bronchoscope (43 seconds; IQR, 32–84) (P<0.001). The overall success rate of tracheal intubation was 96.4% (27/28) in the video stylet and 82.1% (23/28) in the fiberoptic bronchoscope, and the cumulative success rate over time to complete intubation was significantly higher in the video stylet (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The video stylet was superior to the fiberoptic bronchoscope in terms of the time to complete and the cumulative success rate of intubation for novice operators in manikin model. Further research will be needed to determine the degree of education required to use fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy ; Cross-Over Studies ; Education ; Glottis ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Manikins ; Microscopy, Video

INTRODUCTIONSimplifying the learning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is advocated to improve skill acquisition and retention. A simplified CPR training programme focusing on continuous chest compression, with a simple landmark tracing technique, was introduced to laypeople. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the simplified CPR training in improving lay rescuers' CPR performance as compared to standard CPR.

METHODSA total of 85 laypeople (aged 21-60 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to undertake either a two-hour simplified or standard CPR training session. They were tested two months after the training on a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Participants' performance on the sequence of CPR steps was observed and evaluated using a validated CPR algorithm checklist. The quality of chest compression and ventilation was assessed from the recording manikins.

RESULTSThe simplified CPR group performed significantly better on the CPR algorithm when compared to the standard CPR group (p < 0.01). No significant difference was found between the groups in time taken to initiate CPR. However, a significantly higher number of compressions and proportion of adequate compressions was demonstrated by the simplified group than the standard group (p < 0.01). Hands-off time was significantly shorter in the simplified CPR group than in the standard CPR group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSimplifying the learning of CPR by focusing on continuous chest compressions, with simple hand placement for chest compression, could lead to better acquisition and retention of CPR algorithms, and better quality of chest compressions than standard CPR.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Algorithms ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; education ; Checklist ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Manikins ; Middle Aged ; Pressure ; Prospective Studies ; Resuscitation ; education ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: Patients are often transported within the hospital, especially in cases of critical illness for which computed tomography (CT) is performed. Since increased transport time increases the risks of complications, reducing transport time is important for patient safety. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of our newly invented device, the Easy Tube Arrange Device (ETAD), to reduce transport time for CT evaluation in cases of critical illness. METHODS: This prospective randomized control study included 60 volunteers. Each participant arranged five or six intravenous fluid lines, monitoring lines (noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, central venous pressure, arterial catheter), and therapeutic equipment (O2 supply device, Foley catheter) on a Resusci Anne mannequin. We measured transport time for the CT evaluation by using conventional and ETAD method. RESULTS: The median transport time for CT evaluation was 488.50 seconds (95% confidence interval [CI], 462.75 to 514.75) and, 503.50 seconds (95% CI, 489.50 to 526.75) with 5 and 6 fluid lines using the conventional method and 364.50 seconds (95% CI, 335.00 to 388.75), and 363.50 seconds (95% CI, 331.75 to 377.75) with ETAD (all P < 0.001). The time differences were 131.50 (95% CI, 89.25 to 174.50) and 148.00 (95% CI, 116.00 to 177.75) (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The transport time for CT evaluation was reduced using the ETAD, which would be expected to reduce the complications that may occur during transport in cases of critical illness.
Blood Pressure ; Central Venous Pressure ; Critical Illness* ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Manikins ; Methods ; Patient Safety ; Prospective Studies ; Transportation ; Volunteers