Objective To analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL)children combined with white matter (WM)lesions in order to provide evidence for clinical practice. Methods With referral to the Department of Pediatrics,Peking University First Hospital from November 201 1 to De-cember 201 5,documents of 78 patients of CSNHL combined with WMlesions were collected and analyzed for the clini-cal and imaging characteristics.Results Bilateral severe -profound hearing loss existed in all 78 cases,48.1 %(25 /52 cases)of the patients exhibited gross motor development delay,98.1 %(51 /52 cases)of them had normal cognition development.One hundred percent (61 /61 cases)of patients had abnormal language development.Infection occurring during pregnancy existed in 21 .2%(1 1 /52 cases)of the patients,the premature and smaller for the gestational age in-fants accounted for 28.9% (1 5 /52 cases).The bilateral multiple WMlesions from the brain MRI were in dot to flake sizes with sharp boundary,the intensity of T1 -weighted imaging decreased,T2 -weighted imaging and fluid attenuated inversion recovery increased.Eighty -two point one percent (64 /78 cases)of the patients were found to have the periventricular and subcortical WM involvement.The most frequently affected periventricular region was the posterior horn (91 .9%,68 /74 cases),followed by the anterior horn and temporal horn,and the least with the body involvement. The former three had a combined lesion tendency (55.4% -68.9%).There was an extensive involvement in the sub-cortical WMof parietal,frontal,temporal and occipital lobes respectively(73.5% -88.2%).Subcortical WM involve-ment of multiple lobes was common (accounted for 67.6% -77.9%).The enlargement of bilateral ventricles existed in 37.2%(29 /78 cases)of the patients and cystic changes in the subcortical WM of anterior temporal lobe could be found in 9.0% (7 /78 cases)patients.Calcification in 2 CT cases was reported.Corpus callosum and basal ganglia of all cases were normal.For cases with MRI scans more than once,WMlesions of 96.0%(24 /25 cases)patients became silent or self -restored.Conclusions The clinical presentations of CSNHL combined with WM lesions are mild,not paralleled with their multiple foci.It is considered as demyelination or a delay of myelination.Due to its benign course, it is probably not the contraindication for the cochlear implantation.

Objective To investigate proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) mutations in six pedigrees with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD),and to provide prenatal consulting and prenatal diagnosis.Methods Subjects were six probands with PMD admitted in Department of Pediatrics,Peking University First Hospital from July 2006 to November 2011 and their family members.Genomic DNA sarnples were extracted from peripheral bloods of probands and their family members.Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique was used to detect PLP1 duplication mutation.Direct DNA sequencing was used to detect point mutation.Genetic diagnosis were based on PLP1 mutation genotype from probands.Prenatal diagnosis of nine fetuses were performed from seven PLP1 mutation female carriers by fetuses' DNA extracted from amniocytes or villus cells.Results PLP1 duplications were found in probands 1-4 (P1-4) whose mothers and the aunt of proband 1 (P1) were PLP1 duplications carriers.The two cases of point mutation,c.96C＞G(p.F32L) and c.623G＞T (p.G208V),were found in proband 5 (P5) and proband 6 (P6).Hcterozygous changes of the same mutations were found in P5' and P6' mothers with normal phenotypes.Seven female PLP1 mutation carriers were pregnant again.Prenatal diagnosis of PLP1 for nine fetuses presented one PLP1 duplication,one point mutation,one PLP1 duplication carrier,and six wildtypes.A segmental crossing over of X chromosome was detected in one male fetus of PLP1 wildtype.Conclusions PLP1 mutation analysis could help to diagnose PMD pedigree and to identify female PLP1 mutation carrier in the family.The following prenatal diagnosis and proper genetic counseling are very important to prevent PMD child from being delivered.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the characteristics of a new clinical-image syndrome-mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) of corpus callosum.

METHODThe clinical and imaging features of one pediatric patient with the diagnosis of MERS were analyzed and the clinical and radiologic data of 44 MERS cases which were reported all around the world were also analyzed.

RESULTThe underlying disease of the patient before the onset was respiratory mycoplasma infection. On the second day of the disease course, the patient presented symptoms of encephalopathy. Brain MRI indicated lesions in the splenium of corpus callosum, centrum semiovate and posterior periventricular white matter. And these lesions recovered completely within 3 weeks. Most of the 44 patients diagnosed with MERS were associated with infectious diseases and completely recovered within two weeks. Symptoms included consciousness disturbance, convulsions and dysarthria. In addition to the splenium, brain MRI also showed lesions in genu of corpus callosum, centrum semiovate and white matter of frontal lobe.

CONCLUSIONThe clinical presentations of MERS were sudden onset of symptoms of encephalopathy during acute inflammation. Brain MRI indicated a reversible lesion in the splenium of corpus callosum. Patients recover completely within a few days.

Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Corpus Callosum ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Electroencephalography ; Encephalitis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; complications ; Radiography ; Virus Diseases ; complications

Objectives To provide genetic counseling and prenatal molecular diagnosis for two families with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC).Methods Two MLC patients (probands 1 and 2) were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Peking University First Hospital in June 2011 and June 2009,respectively.Peripheral blood was collected and DNA sequencing was performed for genetic analysis for the two MLC patients and their parents.Amniotic fluid and villus of two fetuses (fetus 1 and 2) were collected at 21+4 and 12+3 weeks of gestational age from their mothers when they were pregnant again.The genomic DNA of the two fetuses was extracted and corresponding sites of MLC1 gene were sequenced.Haplotype analysis using a combination of 3 microsatellite markers (AR,DXS6807 and DXS6797) on chromosome X and sex determining region of Y chromosome was performed to detect maternal cell contamination.Verification of the prenatal molecular diagnosis and follow up study after birth were conducted for both fetuses.Results Macrocephaly,motor development delay and typical findings on brain MRI were identified in the two probands,and were clinically diagnosed with MLC.Compound heterozygous mutations were detected in proband 1 [c.353C＞T (p.T118M) and c.803C＞G (p.T268R)] and proband 2 [c.353C＞T (p.T118M) and c.836T＞C(p.L279P)],respectively.MLC was genetically diagnosed.Heterozygous variation in c.353[c.353C＞T (p.T118M)] and wild c.803C were identified in fetus 1,and both wild c.353C and c.836T were found in fetus 2.No maternal cell contamination was detected in both fetuses.Sequencing the corresponding sites after birth confirmed the prenatal diagnosis,and the head circumference and motor development were normal in fetus 1 at 5 months old.No macrocephaly was found and no DNA sequencing was done in fetus 2 at one month old.Conclusions Genetic counseling and prenatal molecular diagnosis for MLC families combined with clinical and genetic diagnosis are important in preventing MLC.Haplotype analysis with a combination of three microsatellite markers on chromosome X and sex determining region of Y chromosome is useful in detecting maternal cell contamination and avoiding its influence on prenatal diagnosis,and confirming the reliability of prenatal diagnosis.