Lateral process fractures of talus are rare injuries with a potential to cause significant morbidity if misdiagnosed. The appropriate management of these fractures is still controversial and only a few reports are avai- lable on this subject. We presented a case of a 37-year-old male with neglected fracture on the lateral process of talus which was misdiagnosed at the time of injury. The patient presented to 7 months after misdiagnosis with a chronic ankle pain. Our case is unique in the sense that it is a rare case of neglected fracture on the lateral process of talus which presented as a loose body in sinus tarsi. However, a surgery with an excision of the loose body presented a satis- factory outcome along with 2 years' follow-up. To our knowledge, it ought to be the first case reported in the English literature. Through this case report, we highlight the importance of high index of suspicion for such rare bony injuries while evaluating trauma to the lateral side of ankle and discuss the principles of management of these fractures.
Ankle Fractures ; Ankle Injuries ; surgery ; Ankle Joint ; surgery ; Diagnostic Errors ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; Talus ; injuries

BACKGROUND: Access to early knee osteoarthritis treatment in low and middle income nations is often believed to be limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study in India to assess prior access to treatment among patients presenting with knee pain to specialist orthopaedic clinics. METHODS: The multi-centre, cross-sectional study included patients presenting with knee pain at 3 hospitals in India. Patients who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent completed a questionnaire designed to assess patient demographics, socioeconomic status, knee pain, treatment method, and patient's knowledge on osteoarthritis (OA). Their orthopaedic surgeons also completed a questionnaire on the severity of patient's OA and their recommended treatments. The impact of demographic characteristics on the prescription of treatment options was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 714 patients met the eligibility criteria and participated in this study. The majority of patients had been experiencing pain for less than 1 year (64.8%) and had previously been prescribed medications (91.6%), supplements (68.6%), and nonpharmacological (81.9%) treatments to manage their knee OA. Current treatment recommendations included oral medications (83.3%), intra-articular injections (29.8%), and surgical intervention (12.7%). Prescription of oral medications was related to younger age, lack of deformities, and lower Kellgren-Lawrence grades (p < 0.01). Patients treated in private hospital settings were more likely to have been previously treated with medications (range, 84.3% to 92.6%; p < 0.01) and physical treatments (range, 61.8% to 84.8%; p < 0.01) than patients treated at government hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the perception, our findings suggest a similar proportion of early knee OA treatment between India and North America.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Demography ; Hospitals, Private ; Humans ; India* ; Informed Consent ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Knee* ; Logistic Models ; Methods ; North America ; Osteoarthritis* ; Osteoarthritis, Knee* ; Prescriptions ; Social Class ; Specialization ; Surgeons ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Conventional instruments are known to result in high numbers of outliers in restoring femoral component rotation primarily due to fixed degree of external rotation resection relative to the posterior condylar line (PCL). Outliers can be reduced by determining the patient specific posterior condylar angle (PCA) preoperatively or intraoperatively. There is a paucity of methods that can be used during surgery for determining the PCA. We propose two simple, real-time methods to determine the PCA and hence to measure the axial anatomical variation during surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted using axial computed tomography (CT) scans of the knees of 26 patients. The commercial software K-PACS and our proposed two methods (trigonometric and protractor) were used to measure the angle between the transepicondylar axis and PCL, i.e., PCA. Statistical comparison between the mean angles obtained by K-PACS and our methods were done. RESULTS: The three methods resulted in similar PCAs. The mean PCA measured by the three methods were similar. The mean PCA value measured by the K-PACS, trigonometric method and protractor method was 6.27degrees (range, 0degrees to 12degrees), 6.23degrees (range, 0degrees to 11.11degrees) and 6.31degrees (range, 0degrees to 12degrees), respectively. There were significant correlations between the K-PACS measured PCA and trigonometrically or protractor measured PCA. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel, simple, easily reproducible, real-time and radiation-free PCA measurement methods obviate the need for preoperative CT scan for identification of patient specific PCA.
Arthroplasty ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Humans ; Knee ; Osteoarthritis ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: Cadaveric studies have shown that deficiency of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM) increases strain on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft. However, its influence on the clinical and radiological outcome after ACL reconstruction is less discussed and hence evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 77 cases of ACL reconstruction with a minimum 18-month follow-up. Of the 77 cases, 41 patients with intact menisci were compared clinically and radiologically with 36 patients with an injury to the PHMM that required various grades of meniscectomy. The knees were evaluated using subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Orthopadische Arbeitsgruppe Knie (OAK) score. RESULTS: Cases with intact menisci showed better stability (p=0.004) at an average of 44.51 months after surgery. No significant differences were noted in the overall OAK score, subjective IKDC score, and functional OAK score (p=0.082, p=0.526, and p=0.363, respectively). The incidence of radiological osteoarthrosis was significantly higher in the posterior horn deficient knees (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The tendency toward relatively higher objective instability and increased incidence of osteoarthrosis in the group with absent posterior horn reinforces its importance as a secondary stabiliser of the knee.
Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Cadaver ; Follow-Up Studies ; Horns ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Menisci, Tibial ; Osteoarthritis ; Tears ; Transplants

Clinical outcomes after fixation of distal humerus intraarticular fractures are directly related to the quality of reduction. The use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed fracture models can benefit preoperative planning to ensure good reduction. This review aims to determine if surgery performed with 3D printing assistance are faster and result in fewer complications and improved clinical outcomes than conventional methods. We also outline the benefits and drawbacks of this novel technique in surgical management of distal humerus fractures. Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out in various electronic databases. Search results were screened based on title and abstract. Data from eligible studies were extracted into spreadsheets. Meta-analysis was performed using appropriate computer software. Results: Three randomized controlled trials with 144 cases were included in the final analysis. The 3D-printed group had significantly shorter mean operating time (mean difference, 16.25 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.74–19.76 minutes; P<0.001) and mean intraoperative blood loss (30.40 mL; 95% CI, 10.45–60.36 mL; P=0.005) compared with the conventional group. The 3D-printed group also tended to have fewer complications and a better likelihood of good or excellent outcomes as per the Mayo elbow performance score, but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Three-dimensional-printing-assisted surgery in distal humerus fractures has several benefits in reduced operating time and lower blood loss, indirectly decreasing other complications such as infection and anemia-related issues. Future good-quality studies are required to conclusively demonstrate the benefits of 3D printing in improving clinical outcomes. Level of evidence: I.

We present a rare case of glomus tumor of Hoffa's fat pad in a 42-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging findings along with the characteristic clinical picture led us to suspect a glomus tumor as the possible etiology. An ischemia test was found to be positive and this further substantiated our diagnosis. An arthroscopic excision was performed and the histology confirmed the diagnosis of glomus tumor of Hoffa's fat pad. The patient responded well to the excision with immediate complete resolution of pain and she remains asymptomatic at the last follow-up after 15 months. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of glomus tumor of Hoffa's fat pad and the first ever to be managed by simple arthroscopic excision. The tumor poses a great challenge to an orthopedic surgeon. However, knowledge of its characteristic clinical presentation and the recognition of such a rare entity can help achieve an early diagnosis and timely management.
Adipose Tissue/pathology/*surgery ; Adult ; Arthroscopy ; Female ; Glomus Tumor/*secondary ; Humans ; Knee/pathology/*surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms/*surgery

Inferior dislocation of the hip is the ra- rest type in hip dislocation. Very few cases have been reported in the anglophonic literature, most of which involved the pediatric age group. Surprisingly, we came across a 30-year-old patient with a bilateral inferior hip dislocation. He had sustained a road traffic accident and the attitude of both hip joints was flexion and abduction. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiographs which revealed the long axis of the femur at an angle of 110 (right) degrees and 100 (left) degrees respectively away from the axis. Closed reduction under sedation was successfully performed. Skin traction for a period of 6 weeks was advised and the follow-up revealed an excellent result. We present the details of this case, the first of its kind along with a review of the literature, discussing the various modes and mechanisms of injury inducing inferior dislocation of the hip.
Accidents, Traffic ; Femur ; Hip Dislocation ; Humans ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Traction

OBJECTIVEManagement of Rockwood type 3 acromioclavicular disruptions is a matter of debate. Should we adopt conservative or operative measures at first presentation? It is not clear but most of the evidences are in favour of conservative management. We present our experience in managing these patients surgically.

METHODSWe present a prospective series of eight cases of chronic Rockwood type 3 acromioclavicular joint disruptions treated surgically. Anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament was done by artificial braided polyester ligament prosthesis.

RESULTSAll the patients were able to perform daily activities from an average of the 14th postoperative day. All patients felt an improvement in pain, with decrease in average visual analogue scale from preoperative 6.5 points (range 3-9 points) to 2.0 points (range 0-5 points), Constant score from 59% to 91% and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder score from 65 to 93 points postoperatively. These results improved or at least remained stationary on midterm follow-up, and no deterioration was recorded at an average follow-up of 46 months.

CONCLUSIONThis midterm outcome analysis of the artificial ligament prosthesis is the first such follow-up study with prosthesis. Our results are encouraging and justify the further use and evaluation of this relatively new and easily reproducible technique.

Acromioclavicular Joint ; injuries ; surgery ; Adult ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; surgery ; Joint Prosthesis ; Ligaments ; surgery ; Male ; Pain Measurement ; Prospective Studies ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: To identify and quantify the presence of extra-articular tibia vara that might influence the mechanical axis alignment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 TKAs in 30 osteoarthritic Indian patients were prospectively evaluated. The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), joint line convergence angle, and varus angulation at the femur and tibia were measured from the preoperative and postoperative standing hip-to-ankle radiographs. Four different methods were used to measure the varus angulation at the tibia: metaphyseo-diaphyseal angle (MDA), the angle between the anatomical axis and mechanical axis of the tibia, the angle between the proximal third and distal third of tibia and the angle between the proximal half and distal half of tibia. RESULTS: Extra-articular tibia vara quantified using MDA had the most positive correlation with HKA. Receiver operating characteristic plotting showed that MDA of >4degrees predicts abnormal postoperative HKA. Twenty-eight out of 48 knees had MDA of >4degrees, and 78.6% of these had postoperative HKA under-correction and 21.4% had less than ideal tibial component position. CONCLUSIONS: A significant inherent extra-articular varus angulation best measured using MDA exists in the proximal tibia in osteoarthritic Indian patients undergoing TKA. MDA of >4degrees is associated with abnormal postoperative HKA. Computer navigation may be useful for achieving ideal correction in such cases.
Arthroplasty ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Femur ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joints ; Knee ; Osteoarthritis ; Prospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Tibia

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. PURPOSE: To study the safety and feasibility of cotransplantation of bone marrow stem cells and autologous olfactory mucosa in chronic spinal cord injury. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Stem cell therapies are a novel method in the attempt to restitute heavily damaged tissues. We discuss our experience with this modality in postspinal cord injury paraplegics. METHODS: The study includes 9 dorsal spine injury patients with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) A neurological impairment who underwent de-tethering of the spinal cord followed by cotransplantation with bone marrow stem cells and an olfactory mucosal graft. Participants were evaluated at the baseline and at 6 monthly intervals. Safety and tolerability were evaluated through the monitoring for adverse events and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Efficacy assessment was done through neurological and functional outcome measures. RESULTS: Surgery was tolerated well by all participants. No significant difference in the ASIA score was observed, although differences in the Functional Independence Measure and Modified Ashworth Scale were statistically significant. No significant complication was observed in any of our patients, except for neurogenic pain in one participant. The follow-up magnetic resonance imaging evaluation revealed an increase in the length of myelomalacia in seven participants. CONCLUSIONS: The cotransplantation of bone marrow stem cells and olfactory mucosa is a safe, feasible and viable procedure in AIS A participants with thoracic level injuries, as assessed at the 24-month follow-up. No efficacy could be demonstrated. For application, further large-scale multicenter studies are needed.
Asia ; Bone Marrow* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Olfactory Mucosa* ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Prospective Studies ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord Regeneration ; Spinal Injuries ; Spine ; Stem Cells* ; Thorax ; Transplants