Objective:To understand the relationship between child malnutrition and social determi-nants among children under the age of 5 in China,and to provide evidence and useful information to help policy makers develop social policies to improve child nutritional status.Methods:Information of 2 434 children aged 0 -5 was extracted from year 1 991 to 201 1 longitudinal survey data in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)was extracted for analysis.Child underweight,child stunting,and child wasting were defined using World Health Organization Child Growth Standards for weight-for-age,height-for-age,and weight-for-height.Weight-for-age values,height-for-age values or weight-for-height values below 2 standard deviations were considered as underweight,stunting and wasting.World Health Organi-zation igrowup software was used to calculate the prevalence of child underweight,child stunting,and child wasting.Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between child malnutrition and social determinants (household income,parents’educational level,living regions,and communities’urbanization level).Results:The prevalence of child underweight and child stunting were decreased by 64.8% and 67.8%,respectively from 1 991 to 201 1 ,while the prevalence of child wasting had remained at a relatively low level (below 5%).The problem of child underweight and stunting had been significantly resolved in China.Female children had better outcomes than male children on impro-ving nutritional status.Among all the non-socio-economic determinants of child malnutrition,children with low height mother and children had inadequate protein intake were both risk factors of malnutrition. The social determinants significantly associated to child malnutrition included:living in the western re-gions and central regions,living in low level urbanization communities,with low household incomes,and low maternal educational levels.Conclusion:In order to further decrease the prevalence of child malnu-trition and alleviate the inequity of child health,we should pay more attention to the social determinants behind child malnutrition.Besides,social policies beneficial to child nutrition promotion need to be taken urgently,the important social policies suggested by the researchers included focusing on maternal and child dietary intake,improving household economic situation,improving maternal educational level, and balancing economic development and resource distribution between different regions in China.

Objective: To prepare polyacrylic acid grafted arsenic trioxide-loaded pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PAA-ATO-MSNs) and to investigate their physicochemical properties, in vitro release behavior, and pharmacokinetics in rats. Methods: PAA was covalently attached to the exterior surface of amino group functionalized MSNs prepared by co-condensation method and ATO was loaded into them by electrostatic adsorption. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and laser particle size analyzer were used to determine the physicochemical properties. The entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL) of PAA-ATO-MSNs were investigated with the method of high speed centrifugation combined with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum (ICP). The drug release behavior of PAA-ATO-MSNs was studied using dynamic dialysis method, PBS (pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.4) chosen as release media. Pharmacokinetic behavior of PAA-ATO-MSNs after iv injection in rats was studied. Results: Morphology of PAA-ATO-MSNs was spherical and the mean particle size, Zeta potential, EE, and DL of PAA-ATO-MSNs were (158.60 ± 1.32) nm, (-28.40 ± 0.34) mV, (40.95 ± 3.21)%, and (11.42 ± 1.75)%, respectively. In vitro release behavior of PAA-ATO-MSNs showed pH-responsive characteristic and the cumulative release amount was increased with the decrease of pH value. Compared with ATO-Sol and ATO-MSNs group, t1/2β was significantly prolonged and AUC was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Release of ATO from PAA-ATO-MSNs showed the obvious pH-responsive characteristic and sustained-release in vitro and PAA-ATO-MSNs could improve the pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. PAA-MSNs might be promising carrier to load ATO for cancer therapy.

Objective To detect the distributions and expressions of Toll-like receptor-2(TLR-2)and TLR-4 in different kinds of periodontitis and different extent of the inflammation of gingival tissues and to discuss the roles of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the progress of periodontal inflammation.Methods Gingival biopsies were divided into 5 groups:control group(n=10),chronic periodontitis group(n=10),chronic periodontitis clinically healthy group(n=10),aggressive periodontitis group(n=10),and aggressive periodontitis clinically healthy group(n=10).The distributions and expressions of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressed in all layers of gingival connective tissues.TLR-4 was also observed in gingival epithelium.Compared to control group,expressions of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were significantly higher than those in the other 4 groups(P

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the blood drug monitoring results of vancomycin and clinical administration behavior and then to provide a clinical reference for its rational utilization. METHODS:We retrospectively collected the blood drug monitoring results of vancomycin and drugrelated information from July 2007 to October 2008 in our hospital. These data were from the electronic clinical pharmacy workstation and initial written case history. RESULTS:Among the 76 cases,non-clinical significant results due to doctor’s irregular manipulation in collecting blood sample accounted for 32.89%. In renal failure group,the rate of peak concentration above the effective blood concentration range was 44.46% . Every patient was averagely administered 21.85 kinds of drugs mainly by intravenous injection during vancomycin application. Clinical response rate of vancomycin was 65.00%. CONCLUSION:During the blood concentration monitoring of vancomycin,we should take clinical need into consideration,collect blood samples rightly,consider the factors such as special pathophysiologic status of patients,drug combination,and adjust the dosage timely.

Objective:To analyze the situation of immunosuppressants utilization of renal transplantation inpa- tients in our hospital.Method:The records and relevant data of 98 case of renal transplant inpatients during 2005 were col- lected,and analyzed according to drug cost and defined daily dose(DDDs)ranking.Result:The average age was(42.50?10.56)a,the average drug cost was(18745.36?7603.86)yuan,the average inmunosuppressant cost was 13456.58 yuan,and all the drug utilization indicators(DUI)were≤1.Conclusion:The analysis shows that the inmunosuppressant utilization rate was high and the inmunosuppressant utilization by renal transplant inpatients was basically rational.

ABSTACT OBJECTIVE:To study the formation technology of Ibuprofen dropping pills and determine the dissolution in vitro. METHODS:Based on single factor test and with the spherical degree,drug-loading rate and pill weight variation as the evaluated indexes,response surface methodology was employed to screen the ratios of drug to matrix,drug solution temperatures and cryo-genic temperatures in the formation technology,and verification tests were conducted. The dissolution in vitro of the dropping pills prepared by the optimal technology was investigated and compared with that of the preparations sold in the market. RESULTS:The optimal formation technology of Ibuprofen dropping pills was as follows as the ratio of drug to matrix of 1∶6,drug solution temper-ature of 83 ℃ and cryogenic temperature of 7.3 ℃. In the verification tests,the self-made dropping pills demonstrated a spherical degree of 0.945 9,drug-loading rate of 99.82%,pill weight variation of 0.040 28 and drug-loading capacity of 30 mg/pill,with the actual comprehensive score of 0.972 5,deviating from the theoretical one (0.980 0) by 0.771 2%(RSD<1.5%,n=3). The dropping pills prepared had a dissolution rate of 25.36%at 5 min and an accumulated dissolution rate up to 90.12%at 30 min,sim-ilar with the Ibuprofen tablets sold in the market in drug release in vitro (f2=54.91),conforming to a first-order kinetic equation. CONCLUSIONS:The optimized formation technology is simple,stable,feasible and well reproducible,and the dropping pills which are prepared by such technology can release drug quickly.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the distribution of pathogens causing infection and current status of antimicrobial resistance in order to offer experimental data for clinical administration.METHODS The resistance tests were performed using K-B method.WHONET5.2 and EXCEL were used to analyze bacteria distribution and resistance.RESULTS From 119 cases of patients were earned the routine bacteria culture results,the tested rate was 96.75%,the positive specimens were 379 and the postitive rate was 83.85%.The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequent organisms isolated then were the strains of Streptococcus pyogenes,coagulase-negative Staphylococcus,Nesseria spp,and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.CONCLUSIONS It is important to strengthen antibiotics administration,bacteria isolation and resistance surveillance.

Objective:To assess the ration of atomization inhalation medicine which was given to the patients in the perioperative period to provide possible reference for the application of medicine in operations.Method:From the clinical pharmacy workstation combined with manual retrieval method,a research was done among some patients who had once received treatments in the four surgical wards of our hospital in order to assess the related index of the ration of atomization inhalation medicine given to the patients in the perioperative period.Result:Among the 186 patients,the proportion of the used atomization inhalation medicine ration ranged from 63.79%to 100.00%.The medicines used in the largest amount were Ambroxol Hydrochloride Injection,Sodium Chloride Injection and Etimicin Sulfate for Injection.The qualified proportion of the ration of the medicine applied to patients each single time was 56.59%.The proportions of single medicine and double medicine were 31.71%and 54.15%,respectively.Conclusion:The atomization inhalation medicine applied to the patients is basically rational in our hospital,but the overdose use of medicine in a single time and the irrational combined use of different medicines still exist.The clinicians and pharmacists need a close cooperation with each other,and analyze the process comprehensively in order to improve the atomization inhalation medicine's application.

AIM: To observe the effect of small dose ephedrine on hypote ns ion as the lithotomy position in laying down legs after the aged in the operatio ns with epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty-seven ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱma le patients, aged 65-83 (71? 6.5 ) years undergoing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) with the lithotomy position were randomly assigned to two gro ups by double blind method: ephedrine group (n=13) and contrasti ve group (n=14). The continual epidural anesthesia was administe red in T 12 -L 1 and L 3-4 for all patients used 1.5 % lidocaine. W hen the operation was finished off, before thirty seconds of horizontal position laying down legs, 15 mg ephedrine was iv at ephedrine group and 3 ml saline wat er at control group. After legs were laid down on the lithotomy position, variab les of SBP, MBP and P were recorded in ten minutes. RESULTS: Dur ing ten minutes after double legs were laid down, the variables were lightly ris en about 8.7 % to 76.9 % in ephedrine group and were fallen about 7.8 % to 85.7 % in control group. The difference on variables of two groups was significant (P