A total of 126 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized into two groups:one received glimepiride 1 mg twice daily and the other 2 mg once daily.Fasing blood glucose(BG),BG 2 h after meals(breakfast,lunch and dinner)and HbA_(IC)were tested,△and standard deviation of the 4 point BG were calculated.It was found that two kinds of administration of glimepiride were equally effective in decreasing BG and once daily aministration could ease better the fluctuation of BG.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of androgen on sexually dimorphism nucleus in preoptic area (SDN-POA) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) before sexual differentiation of the brain in female rats.

METHODSNeonatal female SD rats (n=12) were randomly divided into two groups: androgen group and control group. Twenty-four hours after birth animals were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of 50 microl of testosterone propionate (TP,10.0 g/L) or aseptic oil as control. The rats were sacrificed 60 days after the injection and the brains were collected for crystal violet staining. LEICA Q Win system was applied in detecting the boundaries of SDN-POA and AVPV, then the volumes of SDN-POA and AVPV were calculated.

RESULTSThe volumes of SDN-POA in androgen group were significantly larger than those in control group [(16.77+/-2.68) vs (8.99+/-1.42)mm(3)x10(-3), P<0.01], while the volumes of AVPV in androgen group were significantly smaller than those in control group [(9.14+/-1.16) vs (14.62+/-2.80)mm(3)x10(-3), P<0.01].

CONCLUSIONExogenous androgen rendered before sexual differentiation in female rats results in enlargement of SDN-POA volumes and reduction of AVPV.

Androgens ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Female ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; anatomy & histology ; drug effects ; Preoptic Area ; anatomy & histology ; drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sex Differentiation

AIM: To explore the protective role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamines system in the myocardium induced by ischemic preconditioning in rats.METHODS: The experiment model of simulating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion was replicated by Langendorff perfused rat heart. The hearts were randomly divided into six groups: control group, ischemic-reperfusion group (IR), weak ischemic preconditioning group (IPCw), strong ischemic preconditioning groups (IPCs) and inhibitor groups (DF-EG-IPCw and DF-EG-IPCs). The expression of ODC was quantified by Western blotting analysis. The contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) in cardiac tissue were detected with high performance liquid chromatography. The hemodynamics was obtained using the PowerLab 8/SP TM data acquisition system. The infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and the apoptosis cardiomyocytes were observed under optic microscope after TUNEL method treatment. RESULTS: In contrast with control group, in IR group the putrescine contents increased, the expression of ODC was down-regulated, the contents of spermine and the total polyamine pool decreased (P<0.05). At the same time, the cardiac function declined, with an increase in myocardium infarct size and the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes (P<0.05). When compared with IR group in terms of LVDP, HR and CF, both IPCw and IPCs groups had significant improvements in cardiac functions (P<0.05). These two groups also had smaller myocardium infarct size (P<0.01) and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes (P<0.01). When compared with IR group, the expression of ODC, the contents of spermine and the total polyamine pool increased in both IPCw (P<0.05) and IPCs groups (P<0.01), but the putrescine contents declined. In the respective inhibitor groups of the weak and ischemic preconditioning, the expression of ODC and the levels of putrescine, spermidine, spermine and the total polyamine pool decreased remarkably (DF-EG-IPCw vs IPCw, P<0.05; DF-EG-IPCs vs IPCs, P<0.01), while the myocardium infarct size and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocyte were relatively bigger in both inhibitor groups (P<0.05). Also, the heart function decreased significantly in terms of LVDP, HR and CF compared to their matched ischemic preconditioning group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning significantly up-regulates the ODC / polyamines system in Langendorff perfused rat hearts and provides protective effects on myocardium with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Inhibition of bio-synthesis of polyamine abolishes the cardiac function improvement and the decreases the infarct size and apoptosis rate induced by ischemic preconditioning. It reveals that the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) /polyamines system may be involved in the protection of myocardium induced by IPC in rats.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of nicotine on endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the corpus cavernosum of adult male rats, and explore the possible mechanism of cigarette smoking affecting erectile dysfunction.

METHODSForty adult male rats were equally divided into three treatment groups to receive subcutaneous injection of nicotine at 0.5 mg/kg pre d for 1, 2 and 3 months, and a control group to receive saline only. After treatment, the corpus cavernosum was harvested for detection of CO concentration by modified two-wavelength spectrophotometry and NOS activity by improved Griess measurement.

RESULTSCO concentration and NOS activity were decreased by 9.05 and 13.37%, respectively, after 1 month of nicotine injection (P < 0.01), 16.47 and 22.5% after 2 months (P < 0.01), and 22.99 and 31.74% after 3 months (P < 0.01), as compared with (13.664 +/- 0.404) umol/mg prot and (9.721 +/- 0.470) U/mg prot in the control group.

CONCLUSIONNicotine can reduce endogenous CO concentration and NOS activity in the corpus cavernosum of adult male rats, which suggests the involvement of endogenous CO and NOS in the pathophysiological process of smoking-induced erectile dysfunction .

Animals ; Carbon Monoxide ; metabolism ; Erectile Dysfunction ; chemically induced ; Male ; Nicotine ; toxicity ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Penis ; metabolism ; Rats ; Smoking ; adverse effects

AIMTo research the influence of noxious stimuli on the electric activities of pain-related neurons in several subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus in rats.

METHODSTrains of the electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimuli. The discharges of neurons were channeled off by glass microelectrode.

RESULTSPain-related neurons existed in several subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus. When the noxious stimuli were administered the frequency of discharges of pain-excited neurons (PEN) was increased while the frequency of pain-inhibited neurons (PIN) was decreased to the lowest level. The electric activities of PEN and PIN were matched with each other. Intraperitoneal injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of noxious stimuli on the pain-related neurons.

CONCLUSIONSeveral subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus play an essential role in perceiving, integrating and transmitting the pain impulses. They are a part of the central nervous system in which pain information is controlled and managed.

Amygdala ; physiology ; Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Neurons ; physiology ; Nociceptors ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Objective To provide references for the clinical treatment of patients with periodontal diseases by modeling and analysis based on four software and obtaining stress distributions of the patient's teeth,according to CT data and plaster model of the patient's teeth.Methods The CT data were preliminary processed by using Mimics software to establish three-dimensional (3 D) cloud model.The 3 D surface model of the teeth was then constructed by using Geomagic software to make parameter modeling and reverse engineering.The 3D surface model was imported into SolidWorks to obtain the 3D entity model by entity conversions.Finally,the 3D entity model was imported to ANSYS for analysis.Results The stress distributions on the upper teeth were obtained,and the location of stress concentration points was determined.The stress concentration points of the teeth were analyzed separately,and the maximum stress was 1 774.8 MPa.The occlusal relationship was adjusted based on stress distributions,and the maximum stress after adjustment was reduced to 1 529 MPa.Conclusions This dental modeling and analysis method can simulate various occlusal relationships and calculate tooth stress distribution after amendment,which provides the theoretical basis for clinical treatment of periodontal diseases.

Cyclooxygenase 2 ; metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Nitrobenzenes ; pharmacology ; Radiation Tolerance ; drug effects ; Sulfonamides ; pharmacology

AIMTo investigate the effect of three types of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on the changes of hemodynamic parameters and thoracic aorta tension induced by septic shock in rats.

METHODSWe used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method to establish septic shock in rats, and the three types of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors were injected after CLP. The carotid artery was cannulated and connected to a pressure transducer to determine mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). Ventricular dynamic parameters were determined following intraventricular cannulation via the carotid artery, including heart rate (HR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximal rise/fall velocity of ventricular pressure (+/- dP/dt(max)). Isolated thoracic rings were mounted on an organ bath and the tension of the vessel was recorded.

RESULTS(1) After using L-NAME, AMG and 7-NI the mortality decreased to 50.0%, 37.5%, and 42.1%, respectively (from 65.2% in septic shock rats); (2) The MABP in septic shock rats partly recovered after using the NOS inhibitors, all ventricular dynamic parameters partly recovered after using the inhibitors; (3) The hyporeactivity of endothelium-denuded aortic rings to vasoconstrictors induced by septic shock was partly recovered by pretreatment with the inhibitors. However, only L-NAME or 7-NI could inhibit the decrease of vasoconstriction induced by septic shock in endothelium-intact aortic rings.

CONCLUSIONThe three types of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can improve the hemodynamic parameters and vasoconstriction responsiveness of endothelium-denuded aorta of septic shock rats. Furthermore, L-NAME and 7-NI improve the responsiveness of endothelium-intact aorta.

Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; physiopathology ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Hemodynamics ; drug effects ; Indazoles ; pharmacology ; Male ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Shock, Septic ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effects and characteristics of combined transperineal and transpubic urethroplasty for patients with complex pelvic fracture urethral distraction defect (PFUDD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 17 male patients with complex posterior PFUDD from January 2010 to December 2019. The complications included urethrorectal fistulas in 2 patients (11.8%), urethroperineal fistula in 1 patient (5.9%). Ten patients had undergone previous treatments: dilatation in 3 patients (17.6%), internal urethrotomy in 1 patient, failed urethroplasty in 6 patients (35.3%), of whom 2 patients had two times of failed urethroplasties. All the patients were performed with urethroplasty by combined transperineal and transpubic approach with removing the entire pubic bone followed by the anastomosis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients included in this study was 35.5 (range: 21-62) years. The mean length of stricture was 5.5 (range: 4.5-7.0) cm, the mean follow-up was 27 (range: 7-110) months, the mean time of operation was 190 (range: 150-260) min, the mean evaluated blood loss was 460 (range: 200-1 200) mL. There were 5 patients who needed blood transfusion intraoperatively or postoperatively. Wound infection was seen in 4 out of 17 patients and thrombosis of lower extremities in 1 out of 17 patients. The last follow-up showed that the mean postoperative maximum urinary flow rate was 22.7 (range: 15.5-40.7) mL/s. After removing the catheter, one patient presented with decreased urinary flow and symptoms of urinary infection. Cystoscopy showed the recurrent anastomotic stricture, which was cured by internal urethrotomy. In our series, the success rate of the combined transperineal and transpubic urethroplasty was 94.1% (16/17). CONCLUSION Combined transperineal and transpubic urtheroplasty can achieve a tension free anastomosis after removing the entire wedge of pubis in some patients with complex PFUDD. However, this procedure should be completed in a regional referral hospital due to the complexity of the operation and the high percentage of complications.
Adult ; Anastomosis, Surgical ; Fractures, Bone/surgery* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pelvic Bones ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethra ; Urethral Stricture ; Young Adult

In the present investigation, antagonistic action of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)against morphine on the electrical and contractile activity of rat jejunum in vitro was studied. The results showed that the potentiation of acetylcholine (ACh) on both the burst of spike and the contractility were inhibited by morphine, which could be completely antagonized by CCK-8. The CCK-8 effect, again, could be suppressed by CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide ( 10 nmol/L), but partially by CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 at 10 nmol/L or completely at concentration of 30 nmol/L. The above results demonstrated that the antagonism of CCK-8 on morphine was mediated by both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors.