Objective To study the clinical features,diagnosis and management of small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB).Method The clinical data of 18 cases of patients with small cell carcinoma of the bladder were analyzed retrospectively and the literature were reviewed.There were 16 males and 2 females,ages 54 to 81 years (median age,61 years).Clinical manifestations included gross hematuria in 11 cases,urgency in 2 cases,dysuria in 2 cases and postoperative review after TURBT of bladder urothelial carcinoma in 3 cases.The median tumor size was 3.35cm (ranged,1.0 to 6.0 cm).2 cases underwent TURBT and intravesical chemotherapy regularly were followed after surgery.3 cases underwent partial cystectomy,intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was followed in one case,the other 2 cases refused the following therapy.13 cases underwent radical cystectomy,intravenous chemotherapy was followed in 2 cases,pelvic radiotherapy was followed in 2 csaes and intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was followed in 2 cases,the other 7 cases refused the following therapy.Results 11 cases were pure SCCB,7 cases were mixed SCCB,all with urothelial carcinoma.T1N0M0 in 3 cases,T2N0.1M0 in 4 cases,and T3N0-2M0 in 11 cases.The duration of follow-up was from 5 to 35 months after surgery.9 cases died of tumor metastasis,9 cases are still alive,except 1 case with lymph node metastasis,the other 7 cases are free of tumor recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions SCCB is rare,with high malignant degree and poor prognosis.The prognosis of the pure SCCB may be worse than the mixed SCCB.The diagnosis depends on pathology examination.Radical cystectomy is the main treatment method,the strategy of bladder-preserving may be an attempt for proper SCCB patients.Adjuvant therapy plus surgery may be better.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupational Health ; Private Sector ; Sampling Studies ; Young Adult

Objective To analyze the results of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination(OSCE) of medical interns in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,and to assess the role of OSCE in clinical teaching and practice. MethodsAtolal of 104 medical interns of five-year education program in 2002 and seven-year education program in 2003 in School of Medicine had taken part in OSCE of gynecology and obstetrics.The OSCE consisted of six stations: gynecologic examination,obstetric examination,oral test,interrogation of standardized-patients(SP),drawing partogram,and non-stress test(NST) explanation.After gathering the data of each station,the software of SPSS 11.0 was used to make statistical analysis. Results The median scores were as follows: 92.0 for gynecologic examination,91.0 for obstetric examination,83.5 for oral test,80.0 for interrogation of SP,80.0 for drawing partogram,and 70.0 for NST explanation.There was no significant impact of familiarity to OSCE on the results of the test.The results showed that medical interns did good job in basic performance,but lack of clinical practice skills in some complicated practice of gynecology and obstetrics.Conclusion The grading system and stations setup of OSCE in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital show objectivity and equity.The OSCE can be widely applied in the after-department examination and even graduation examination.

Objective To investigate the relationship between psychological status and individual personality of the young and middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods 120 inpatients with CHD were investigated by means of Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS)and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Results Of all subjects, 67% were indentified as anxiety,62% as depression. EPQN and EPQP were positively associated with anxiety (P＜0. 01 and P＜0. 05). EPQN were positively associated with depression (P ＜0. 01). EPQE were negatively associated with depression (P ＜0. 01). Conclusions Anxiety and depression play an important role in the pathogenesis of the young and middle-aged patients with CHD, which is associated with individual personality.

Objective To investigate the changes of extraceUular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and assess the effects of blocking the ERK1/2 phosphorylation on rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Methods The ANP model was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium tanrocholate into the biliary and pancreatic duct. 5 rats were treated as normal control. Other 75 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rots were randomly divided into sham operations(SO) group (n =25), ANP group (n =25) and PD98059 group (n =25). The rats were sacrificed at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after ANP induction, the blood and pancreatic sample were taken. Pathological changes of pancreas were observed with light microscope and scored. The serum level of TNF-α and IL-1β was determined by ELISA. MPO activities in pancreas were measured by enzyme chemistry assay. Western blotting was performed to determine the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 in the pancreas homogenates. Results There was no significant pathologic changes in rats of SO group;but significant injuries occurred in ANP group, the pathologic score at 3 h was 9.9 ± 0.4;the extent of injuries attenuated in PD98059 group, the pathologic score at 3 h was 4.0 ± 0.4 (P < 0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α at 3 h in SO, ANP and PD98059 groups were (65.8 ± 20.5) pg/ml, (286.5 ± 50.3) pg/ml, (180.4±32.9)pg/ml, respectively;the serum levels of IL-1β at 3 h in SO, ANP and PD98059groups were (85.8 ± 25.5) pg/ml, (293.8 ± 46.3) pg/ml, (200. 5 ± 33.6) pg/ml, respectively;MPOactivities in pancreas were (0. 19 ± 0.02)U/g, (0.61±0.05)U/g, (0.52±0.03) U/g, and the values in ANP and PD98059 groups were significantly higher than those in SO group, while the values in PD98059 group were significantly lower than those in ANP group (P < 0.01). The expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in normal pancreas was 1100 ± 141, the expressions of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in ANP group at 15 min, 30 min were 5300 ± 486, 5621 ± 384, respectively;the expressions began to decrease 1 h later and returned the similar level as SO group at 6 h;the expressions of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PD98059 group at 15 min, 30 rain were 4200 ± 370, 3600 ± 290, respectively;which were signifieanfly lower than those in ANP group (all P value < 0. 01). Conclusions The ERK1/2 signal transduetion pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ANP. Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by PD98059 may decrease the production of IL-1β, TNF-α and pancreatic MPO, attenuate the extent of pancreatic pathologic injuries.

Objective To investigate the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its influence factors among people living with HIV /AIDS (PLWHA) ,and provide evidence for developing relevant interventions and treatment methods .Methods Anony-mously completed questionnaires ,including self-designed questionnaire and the post-traumatic checklist civilian version (PCL-C) , were received from PLWHA in Suizhou from December 2014 to March 2015 .Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regres-sion analysis were used to examine factors associated with PTSD .Results Among 243 qualified PLWHA ,106 of them were positive with PTSD (43 .62% ) ,and the prevalence of PTSD among male and female were 37 .88% and 50 .45% ,respectively .Among the three characteristic symptoms ,repeated flashback was the highest (78 .60% ) ,then hyper-vigilance (64 .20% ) ,and the positive rate of avoidance/numbness was the lowest (57 .20% ) .Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female was more suscepti-ble to PTSD than male (OR = 1 .960 ,95% CI :1 .025 - 3 .747) ,discrimination or unfair treatment would increase the risk of PTSD (OR= 2 .967 ,95% CI :1 .498 - 5 .876) ,and the frequency of fear/tension was positive correlated with PTSD (occasionally OR =2 .074 ,95% CI :1 .008 - 4 .265 ;always OR = 6 .690 ,95% CI :2 .708 - 16 .531) .Conclusion PLWHA had a high level of PTSD ,and fe-male PLWHA and those who felt fear/tension or experienced discrimination/unfair treatment were more likely to suffer from PTSD .

Objective:A new algorithm based on Hough transform (HT) was proposed to improve the accuracy and stability of the film image analysis of Automatic Quality Assurance (AQA) test, and to explore the influence of the resolution of film image on the test results.Methods:Nine pairs of films were obtained for AQA modules in this study. Firstly, the median filter was used to preprocess the grayed-out film image to remove noise interference. Then, a global threshold was utilized to binarize the image. The images were edge-detected and the film edge line was extracted by Hough transform. The film image was transformed to the correct position. Finally, the edge of the field shadow circle and the shadow circle of the tungsten ball were extracted by the edge detection method and Hough transform. The radial error was finally obtained by analyzing the concentricity.Results:There was no significant difference in the accuracy between the test results yielded by the HT method and the AQA software ( P>0.05). The difference in the standard deviation of the test results was statistically significant ( P=0.027), indicating that the algorithm increased the stability while ensuring the accuracy of film analysis. Increasing the resolution of film scanning failed to significantly improve the accuracy and stability of film analysis in both two methods. Conclusions:The algorithm used in this study can eliminate the human error caused by film scanning placement while ensuring the accuracy of film analysis, providing a more stable way for the AQA test of the CyberKnife system.

A high-product superoxide dismutase(SOD)bacterial strain was first obtained from the soil around the warm spring of Changbai Mountain,which is alkaline-resistant.The nature analysis by the inhibition of H2O2 and chloroform-ethanol indicated that the SOD was Mn-SOD.It belongs to bacillus genus by the modal character,physiological and biochemical character.The phylogenetic analyses based on 16SrDNA sequence indicated that the strain 110-2 was closed to Bacillus sp.MO6 with 100% identity and 99% with Bacillus licheniformis.According to the sodA sequence of Bacillus licheniformis and conservative regions of many kinds of bacillus,which were published in GenBank,two pairs of primers were designed and the complete sequence of Mn-SOD(600bp)and the core fragment(430bp)were amplified by PCR techniques.The recombinant plasmid pMD18-SOD was built successfully.

Background Oscillatory potentials (OPs) of scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) plays an important role in the evaluation of visual function in multiple retinal diseases.However,the origin of OPs is uncompletely clear.It is essential to analyze the time domain and frequency domain components for the further study of OPs.Objective The present study was to investigate the change characteristics of frequency spectrum of scotopic OPs with age and stimulating intensity.Methods RCS-rdy+-p+rats with the ages of 21,25,32,35,37,46,60,90 days were selected iu this study and 3 rats for each.Scotopic flash ERG were recorded from all the rats with RETI-scan system.Gold-foil ring cornea recording electrode was used as the recording electrode and the steel needle electrode was used as the reference and earth electrode during the record.The intensity of stimulating light was set at-20,-10,-5,0 and 5 dB respectively.Data were output into the computer and processed by the software Matlab7.0.Results The principle frequency corresponding to maximum amplitude component was 80-120 Hz in the various ages of rats under the different stimulating conditions above.With the increase of the intensity of stimulating light,high frequency component (200-250 Hz) began to appear and the amplitudes showed a gradually raise upon the intensity of light.The major component was subdivided into two peaks at 0 dB stimulation.Further,the age affected the major frequency peak with the maximum value at 60-day-old rats and the minimum value at 25-day-old rats.Also,the pass-band width of main amplitude appeared to be maximal at 60-day-old rats and minimal at 25-day-old rats.Conclusions OPs in Rcsrdy+-p+ rats are influenced by stimulating intensity and agc.Stimulating intensity affects the amplitude and age lead to the change of distribution of primary frequency of OPs.It is possible to know the influences of the degeneration of rods and be helpful to diagnosis this kind of disease.

Functional constipation (FC) is a common functional bowel disorder disease that affects life quality of a large number of people. This study aimed to explore the impact of different intensities of electro-acupuncture (EA) treatment for FC patients. Totally, 111 patients with FC meeting the Rome III criteria were randomly assigned to different intensities of EA groups (low and high intensity of EA groups) and medicine-controlled (MC) group. In EA groups, patients were treated with EA at quchi (LI11) and shangjuxu (ST37) bilaterally for 4 weeks, 5 times/week in the first 2 weeks, and 3 times/week in the last 2 weeks. In MC group, 5 mg mosapride citrate was administered orally 3 times/day for 4 weeks. Spontaneous bowel movement frequency each day was recorded using a constipation diary. Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to assess the patients' psychological state. Cortisol (CORT), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of 4 weeks after treatment. As compared with the baseline, there was statistically significant increase in stool frequency every week (P<0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups. As compared with the baseline, after 4 weeks of EA therapy, the scores of SDS and serum levels of CORT were decreased significantly in low intensity of EA group (P<0.01), and the serum levels of SP and VIP were increased significantly (P<0.05); the scores of SAS and SDS and serum levels of CORT were decreased significantly in high intensity of EA group (P<0.05), and the serum levels of SP and VIP were increased significantly (P<0.05); the serum levels of CORT and VIP were increased significantly in MC group (P<0.05). As compared with MC group, after 4 weeks of treatment, the serum levels of SP were signifcicantly increased in low intensity of EA group (P<0.01). Low and high intensities of EA could increase the stool frequency, improve the FC patient's anxiety and depression, reduce the serum levels of CORT, and increase the serum levels of SP and VIP effectively. It is concluded that both low and high intensities of EA are effective for FC patients, but there is no significant difference between the low and high intensities of EA.