Objective Analysis of the genetic structure stability of Brandt ’ s vole ( lasiopodomys brandtii ) in closed colony using microsatellite marker technology.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from tail tip using high-concentration-salt precipitation methods.Marked with fluorescent tags( Fam) , 7 microsatellite primers were filtered out by PCR, and the DNA structure of three consecutive generations of Brandt’ s vole was analyzed by microsatellite marker. Results By the analysis of the average heterozygosity and polymorphism information content, Brandt’ s vole populations maintaineda closed group of qualified genetic structure.Conclusions The present results show that the closed group of Brandt’ s vole species in our laboratory maintain a stable genetic structure.

Objective To elucidate the etiology feature of viral infection in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection. Methods A total of 5 480 children with acute lower respiratory tract infection, hospitalized from September 2007 to September 2009, were studied. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were screened for 8 types of viruses by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) assay. Results At least one type of viral pathogen was detected in 2 710 out of 5 480 patients and the overall positive rate was 49.5%. The most common virus was RSV (51.1%), followed by hMPV (18.9%), PIVⅢ (12.5%), ADV (7.1%), IFA (4.7%), IFB (2.9%), PIV Ⅰ (1.5%) and PIV Ⅱ (1.2%). The positive rate was highest in children under 6 months (43.5%). The seasonal change of RSV, hMPV was more obvious. The peak of RSV, hMPV appeared in the winter and the spring. The prevalence of viral infection in children with pneumonia, bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, non asthmatic bronchitis and asthma were 47.4%、63.6%、 50.5%、 30.1% and 43.5% respectively. Conclusions Viruses are the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, especially in infants and young children. RSV and hMPV were the most common viruses in these years.

Objective To investigate the effect of indomethacin on prevention of heterotopic ossification (HO)after operative treatment of acetabular fractures.Methods Fifty patients with acetabular fractures received in our department operative treatment through Kocher-langenbeck(K-L)approach and oral administration of in- domethacin afer operation from February 2001 to August 2003.Forty-eight of them were successfully followed up for incidence of HO and their clinical functions were assessed.The results were compared with those of 40 patients who had been treated with the same operative procedures but without oral administration of indomethacin in our depart- ment from March 1993 to May 1998.The patients who could not tolerate the drug were not included.Results The follow-ups averaged 22.8 months(range,6 to 39 months).HO occurred in eight cases.The incidence of HO was 16.7%(8/48).According to Brooker evaluation of HO,five cases were rated as degreeⅠ,three as degreeⅡ, and none as degreeⅢorⅣ.The incidence of severe HO was 0.In the control group,the incidence of HO was 35.0%(14/40)and the incidence of severe HO was 10.0%(4/40).The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion Oral administration of indomethacin after operative treatment of acetabular fractures can inhibit HO.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS) in China since 1949,and to provide evidence for perfection of NPS control work in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of controlled substances control by China since 1949 were summarized and analyzed through retrieving and collecting literatures,re-ports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and related website. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:Chinese narcotics and psychotropic substances control dated back to the release of Interim Regulations on Narcotics Con-trol in 1950 and Regulations on Narcotics Control,Drug Administration Law and other regulations have been issued. It had experi-enced the progress from no legal basis to having laws to follow and from executive-leading to legalization. Narcotics and psychotro-pic substances were gradually unified in systematic control,and the level of regulations rised from department rules to administra-tion regulation. At present,with Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control (2005) as regulatory basis and cata-logue of narcotics and psychotropic substances(2013)as object,China Food and Drug Administration are in charge of the national regulation,cooperating with health department,agricultural department,traffic department and other departments.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of controlled drugs control in Britain,and to provide evi-dence for narcotics and psychotropic substances(NPS)control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS con-trol by Britain were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from do-mestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:British control for controlled drugs dated back to Pharmacy Act in 1868,and Britain was the first country to control drugs by legislations. A unique British sys-tem of narcotics control was established and improved after issued Rolleston Report and two pieces of Brain Report in Britain. Final-ly,the British system of narcotics control was established,which combined public health prevention with judicial redress. At pres-ent,controlled drugs are classified and controlled by Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse,Serious Organised Crime Agency and National Drug Abuse Treatment Agency subordinated to Ministry of Interior,based on Misuse of Drugs Act.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of controlled substances control in the United States,and to provide evidence for narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS) control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of controlled substances control by the United States were summarized and studies through retrieving and collecting literatures,re-ports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:The United States'control for controlled substances dated back to Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in 1914,and the United States is the first nation to control narcotics addiction through the form of tax law after International Opium Convention is executed. Thereafter,the United States gradually extend the range by including cannabis,heroin and psychotropic substances into control range of Narcotics Drugs Import and Export Act,Heroin Act,Marijuana Tax Act,revising and developing comprehensive act Con-trolled Substances Act,and establishing comprehensive law enforcement agency Controlled Substances Enforcement Administration affiliated to Ministry of Justice by Nixon'sWar on Drugsplan.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of international narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS)control,and to provide evidence for NPS control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS control by international organization were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:International narcot-ics control dated back to opium trade with China in 19th century. International narcotics control system was established preliminarily by Shanghai conference and Haiya conference. The end of World War Ⅰ,the establishment of the League of Nations and the sign-ing of a number of international treaties promoted the development of internal control system. Through World War Ⅱ,the establish-ment of the United Nations and the change of international control organization,a number of international treaties were integrated into Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in the early 1960s,which was used as the foundation of narcotics control system all round the world. In 1970s,the adoption of Convention on Psychotropic Substances meant psychotropic substances were included in the scope of internal control. In 1980s,the signing of United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psy-chotropic Substances marked the establishment of three conventions system of international NPS control. At present,internal NPS control is based on three conventions system and NPS list by Commission on Narcotic Drugs,International Narcotics Control Board and United Nations International Drug Control Program. The vast majority of countries are parties to that. International control orga-nizations and listed control have a great influence on NPS control all round the world.

OBJECTIVE:To make proposals to improve narcotics and psychotropic substances(NPS)control in China. METH-ODS:NPS control system of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China were compared in terms of concept, classification,regulatory basis and agency,etc. The suggestions and reference were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:NPS of international organizations,the United States,Britain and China are drug types included in relevant categories,besides ana-leptics,precursor chemicals and other drugs are included in control catalogue by the United States and Britain. NPS are divided in-toⅠ-Ⅳcategories by international organizations,Ⅰ-Ⅴcategories by the United States,A,B,C categories and temporary catego-ry by Britain,and narcotics,first and second class psychotropic substances by China. NPS control basis of the United States,Brit-ain and China are Controlled Substances Act,Misuse of Drugs Act and Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control, respectively;major regulation organizations are Controlled Substances Enforcement Administration,Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse subordinated to Ministry of Interior,Special Drug Section under China Food and Drug Administration,respectively;there al-so are differences in the functions of control organization and cooperative units. Considering about the problems of NPS control in China,it is suggested to improve laws and regulations system,establish independent system,extend abuse surveillance network and encourage chronic non-cancer pain therapy.

ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the prognostic value of primary tumor volume in non-endemic patients with nasopharynx carcinoma in northwest China.Methods A total of 393 patients were enrolled in the study and all the patients had been identified with nasopharynx squamous cell carcinoma by biopsy.Overall survival (OS)and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS)were the primary endpoints.The cut-off of tumor volume was identified by ROC curves. Survival results were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier curve. Independent prognostic factors were identified by COX proportional hazards regression model.Results The 5-year OS and DMFS for all the patients were 74.3% and 73.5%.23 mL was considered as the optimal cut-off value according to the ROC curves,and then the patients were divided into two groups (≤2 3 mL and >2 3 mL ).Patients with tumor volume ≤2 3 mL had significantly better 5-year OS and DMFS than those with tumor volume >2 3 mL (P<0 .0 5 ).The independent prognostic factors for DMFS and OS included WHO histological type,tumor volume >2 3 mL and N2-3 (P<0.05).Conclusion Primary tumor volume is an independent prognostic factor for survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in northwest China.

Objective To study the clinical features,diagnosis and management of small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB).Method The clinical data of 18 cases of patients with small cell carcinoma of the bladder were analyzed retrospectively and the literature were reviewed.There were 16 males and 2 females,ages 54 to 81 years (median age,61 years).Clinical manifestations included gross hematuria in 11 cases,urgency in 2 cases,dysuria in 2 cases and postoperative review after TURBT of bladder urothelial carcinoma in 3 cases.The median tumor size was 3.35cm (ranged,1.0 to 6.0 cm).2 cases underwent TURBT and intravesical chemotherapy regularly were followed after surgery.3 cases underwent partial cystectomy,intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was followed in one case,the other 2 cases refused the following therapy.13 cases underwent radical cystectomy,intravenous chemotherapy was followed in 2 cases,pelvic radiotherapy was followed in 2 csaes and intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was followed in 2 cases,the other 7 cases refused the following therapy.Results 11 cases were pure SCCB,7 cases were mixed SCCB,all with urothelial carcinoma.T1N0M0 in 3 cases,T2N0.1M0 in 4 cases,and T3N0-2M0 in 11 cases.The duration of follow-up was from 5 to 35 months after surgery.9 cases died of tumor metastasis,9 cases are still alive,except 1 case with lymph node metastasis,the other 7 cases are free of tumor recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions SCCB is rare,with high malignant degree and poor prognosis.The prognosis of the pure SCCB may be worse than the mixed SCCB.The diagnosis depends on pathology examination.Radical cystectomy is the main treatment method,the strategy of bladder-preserving may be an attempt for proper SCCB patients.Adjuvant therapy plus surgery may be better.