To build the Dendrobium nobile -T2DM network, and elucidate the molecular mechanism of D. nobile to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Collect the chemical composition of D. nobile and the targets on T2DM by retrieving database and documents, build the network of D. nobile to T2DM using the entity grammar systems inference rules. The molecular mechanism of D. nobile to T2DM includes: (1) regulating lipid metabolism by lowering triglyceride; (2) reducing insulin resistance; (3) protecting islet cells; (4) promoting the glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide (GIP) secretion; (5) inhibiting calcium channel. Under the guidance of network pharmacology, through entity grammar systems inference rules we elucidate the molecular mechanism of D. nobile to T2DM, and provide the basis for the further development of health care products based on D. nobile.
Animals ; Calcium Channels ; genetics ; metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; drug effects ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans ; metabolism ; Triglycerides ; metabolism

Objective To explore the risk factors,the distribution of etiology and drug resistance status of patients with early infection (3 months) after liver transplantation,and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods The clinical data of 112 recipients from February 2014 to December 2015 were collected,and logistic regression analysis was performed on the risk factors of early postoperative infection in liver transplant patients.The independent risk factors of infection after liver transplantation were screened out.At the same time,the results of pathogen culture and drug sensitivity test were statistically described.Results The independent risk factors for infection at 3th month after liver transplantation included the operative time ≥600 min [P =0.003,odds ratio (OR) =9.996,95 ％ confidence interval (95 ％ CI),2.221-44.981],intensive care unit (ICU) ≥6 days (P =0.010,OR =6.306,95％ CI =1.563-25.437),Child-Pugh grade of C (P =0.023,OR =6.298,95％ CI =1.294-30.659).Of the 112 liver transplant recipients,59 had an infection (52.68％),and 168 stains of pathogens were isolated.The positive rate of the specimens was highest in sputum,followed by bile,ascites,drainage and catheter end,blood,deep vein catheter,middle urinary,pleural effusion and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC).The detectable rate of gram-negative bacteria,gram-positive bacteria,fungi and viruses was 46.43％ (78 strains),29.76％ (50 strains),18.45％ (31 strains),and 5.36％ (9 strains) respectively.Infection occurred mainly within 1 month after surgery,accounting for about 80.36％ (135 strains),especially at 1st week after surgery,accounting for about 34.52％ (58 strains).Gram-positive bacteria had a higher drug resistance rate,including penicillins,macrolides,aminoglycosides,quinolones,linamides,etc.especially in the highest rate of Enterococcus faeciurr.Gram-negative bacteria were individualized based on the different strains of the bacteria,and they were relatively low in the resistance of the carbapene.Conclusion Infection is one of the most common complications after liver transplantation.To reduce the incidence of infection after liver transplantation,efforts should be made to shorten the duration of operation and ICU stay time,improve the basic nutritional status of recipients,and enhance monitoring of the recipient's infection after liver transplantation,to further increase the survival rate of postoperative liver transplantation recipients and improve the quality of life.

Objective:To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) recipients, and to study the efficacy and safety of Hp eradication therapy.Methods:13C-urea breath test was carried out between July 2018 and October 2019. There were 104 males and 26 females with an average age of 52.1 year for these LT recipients who were regularly followed-up in the Organ Transplant Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Propensity scoring was used to match age and gender in a ratio of 1∶3. A healthy group of individuals consisting of 299 males and 91 females, with an average age of 51.8 years, were selected as the control group also in a ratio of 1∶3. All patients underwent 13C-urea breath test to evaluate Hp infection and results of quadruple therapy. Results:The prevalence of Hp infection among the LT recipients was 18.5%(24/130) which was significantly lower than the control group 36.4% (142/390) (χ 2=14.400, P<0.001). Among the recipients who received LT and 13C-urea breath test for less than 1 year, 1-3 years and more than 3 years, the prevalences of Hp infection were 14.3% (6/42), 17.8%(8/45) and 23.3%(10/43), respectively. Although the prevalence of Hp showed a gradually increasing trend, no correlation between Hp infection and duration from LT was observed (χ 2=1.321, P=0.517). Seventeen Hp positive recipients underwent Hp eradication therapy. The success rate of Hp eradication was 100.0%(17/17). Immunosuppressant concentration was monitored regularly in 10 patients. During Hp eradication, the blood concentration of immunosuppressant increased from 1.7 to 3.6 times, and the drug dosage was reduced to one half to one third of what it was before Hp eradication. Seven of these 17 recipients suffered from adverse effects caused by increased levels of blood concentration of immunosuppressants, including headache, hypertension, insomnia and irritability. Normal liver and kidney functions were observed during eradication. Conclusion:In this study, the prevalence of Hp infection among liver transplant recipients was 18.5%. The success rate of Hp eradication was 100% using bismuth-containing quadruple therapy. The dosage of immunosuppressant required to be monitored, and if necessary, adjusted during eradication to reduce adverse side effects.

AIMTo investigate the preventive and reversional effect of praeruptorum caumarin compound on left ventricular hypertrophy in renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR) and its mechanism.

METHODSThe two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) RHR model was used. The blood pressure, wet weight of the left ventricle, surface area of myocardial cells, resting [Ca2+]i level and Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of myocardial membrane and mitochondria were measured.

RESULTSPraeruptorum caumarin 30 mg.kg-1.d-1 was given ig for 9 weeks from the 6th or 9th week after operation in the preventive or regressive group. The blood pressure, left ventricle wet weight and area of myocardial cells of the preventive and regressive group were significantly reduced than that of the LVH group. The resting [Ca2+]i of the both praeruptorum caumarin treated groups (121 +/- 13, 133 +/- 9 nmol.L-1) were lower than that of the LVH group (158 +/- 7 nmol.L-1). The KCl-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was decreased more significantly in preventive and regressive group than that of the hypertrophic myocytes. The activity of Na+, K(+)-ATPase and Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase increased by 40% and 93% in the preventive group, 28.4% and 48.8% in regressive group than that of the LVH group.

CONCLUSIONPraeruptorum caumarin was shown to prevent and reverse hypertrophy of LVH by lowering [Ca2+]i and increasing the ATPase activity.

Animals ; Apiaceae ; chemistry ; Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase ; metabolism ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cell Separation ; Coumarins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hypertension, Renovascular ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mitochondria ; enzymology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy is a serious clinical problem for patients receiving cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential efficacy of pregabalin in chemotherapy-induced neuropathy in rats. A total of 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: group 1, naive control; group 2, treated with pregabalin (30 mg/kg p.o., for 8 days); group 3, docetaxel was given by single intravenous infusion at 10 mg/kg; groups 4 and 5, pregabalin at 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg respectively was orally administered for 8 days after the docetaxel treatment. On day 8, behavioral test was performed, and substance P and CGRP release in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerve were analyzed by electron microscope. Our results showed that docetaxel induced mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, heat hypoalgesia, cold allodynia, and sciatic nerve impairment and substance P and CGRP release in DRG. However, oral administration of pregabalin (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) for 8 consecutive days significantly attenuated docetaxel-induced neuropathy by ameliorating heat hypoalgesia, cold allodynia, impairment of sciatic nerve and reducing the release of substance P and CGRP. The findings in the present study reveal that pregabalin may be a potential treatment agent against chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.

AIMTo investigate the effects of praeruptorin C (Pra-C) on smooth muscle cell (SMC) hypertrophy, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), nitric oxide (NO) content and influence on cellular signal transduction in isolated cultured rat smooth muscle cell (SMC).

METHODSHypertrophied smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) were induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), cell area was measured under inverted microscope. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration was measured using Griess method. [Ca2+]i was measured using Fura-2/AM. The responses to [Ca2+]i elevation stimulated by KCl (60 mmol.L-1 or norepinephrine (10 mumol.L-1) were observed by incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), staurosporine (ST), the agonist and inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), and pertussis toxin (PTX), the sensitive toxin of Gi.

RESULTSThe cell area of SMCs were decreased by 39.01% (P < 0.001) and NO content of SMCs were significantly increased in Pra-C + Ang II group. In presence of 60 mmol.L-1 KCl or 10 mumol.L-1 NE, [Ca2+]i of SMCs in Pra-C + Ang II group was significantly decreased than that of Ang II group (P < 0.001) and closed to the normal group. Incubation of SMCs with PMA, ST and PTX, [Ca2+]i of SMCs in Ang II group was increased by PMA and decreased by ST and PTX, but that of Pra-C + Ang II group was similar to the normal group.

CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that Pra-C can reduce vascular hypertrophy in isolated rat HSMCs, and this is associated with improvement of SMCs [Ca2+]i level, NO content and cellular signal transdution of PKC and Gi.

Angiotensin II ; Animals ; Aorta ; pathology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Coumarins ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hypertrophy ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; drug effects ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; pathology ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

AIMTo observe the regression effect of tetrandrine (Tet) and enalapril (Ena) on vascular morphological changes in renovascular hypertensive (RH) rats.

METHODSRenovascular hypertension was induced by two kidney one clip (2K1C) operation. The morphometric measurements were performed in the aorta, caudal artery, renal arterioles, coronary arterioles and mesenteric arterioles.

RESULTSThe wet weight of aorta, caudal artery and femoral artery of RH rats (18 weeks after 2K1C operation) were greater than those of sham-operated rats. The media thickness, lumen diameter, cross section of media, media over lumen ratio and the wet weight of abdomen aorta, caudal artery, coronary arterioles, renal arterioles and mesenteric arterioles were significantly increased, which were more significant in arterioles with the diameter smaller than 70 microns. There were no significant change in the number of the smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in most vessel wall, except in renal arterioles, where the number of smooth muscle cells were significantly increased. After Tet (50 mg.kg-1.d-1, p.o.) or Ena (6 mg.kg-1.d-1, p.o.) treated for 9 weeks from week 9 after 2K1C operation, almost all the changes in the media thickness, the media to lumen ratio, the cross section of media and the wet weight were ameliorated.

CONCLUSIONIn RH rats, mainly a hypertrophic and rearrangement remodeling in the wall of arteries and arterioles was observed with a proliferation of VSMC in renal arterioles. Tet and Ena were shown to regress vascular remodeling by markedly attenuating these changes in renovascular hypertensive rats.

Alkaloids ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Aorta, Abdominal ; pathology ; Arterioles ; drug effects ; pathology ; Benzylisoquinolines ; therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Enalapril ; therapeutic use ; Hypertension, Renovascular ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Kidney ; blood supply ; drug effects ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; drug effects ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

AIMTo investigate the effects of ginkgolide B (GB) on proliferation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) and its related mechanisms.

METHODSAfter pretreating with GB or the mixture of ginkgolide A and B (GA:GB) at 37 degrees C for 0.5 h, the VSMC were treated with or without angiotensin II (Ang II) for 24 h. The proliferation of SMC was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation and the cell cycle phase was measured by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was reflected by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of the supernatant.

RESULTSWhether or not treated with Ang II, GB and GA:GB were shown to suppress SMC proliferation in concentration-dependent fashion at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) mol.L-1 to 10(-5) mol.L-1. The inhibitory effects appeared to be related to a G1-->S block in cell cycle traverse.

CONCLUSIONThe suppression of SMC proliferation by GB might not only be contributed by blockage of the PAF receptor activity.

Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Cattle ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA ; drug effects ; Diterpenes ; pharmacology ; G1 Phase ; drug effects ; Ginkgolides ; Lactones ; pharmacology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; cytology ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; antagonists & inhibitors

Objective To investigate the incidence of de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after liver transplantation (LT) in China. Methods Relevant literature review was performed from Wanfang data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chongqing VIP. The retrieval time started from the establishment of each database to May 9, 2019. The Chinese search terms were liver transplantation+ postoperative/de novo+ malignant tumor/cancer. The age distribution, sex composition, time of diagnosis, involved organs, treatment and clinical prognosis of recipients with de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after LT in China were retrospectively analyzed. Results After literature screening, 16 articles were eventually selected including 47 cases of de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after LT. A majority of them were male recipients. The age of the recipients was 51 (23-65) years old, most of them were middle age (45-59 years old). The average time of diagnosis of de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after operation was 43 (2-156) months, with the highest number of cases within postoperative 1-3 years. Colon and stomach were the most common tumor sites. Surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy remained the main treatment option. However, the overall clinical prognosis of patients with de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after LT was poor with a mortality rate of 51%. Conclusions In China, colon cancer and gastric cancer are the main de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system after LT. The overall clinical prognosis of patients with de novo malignant tumors of the digestive system is poor. Sufficient attention should be paid to postoperative monitoring and prevention.

Objective To analyze the incidence and risk factors of colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAP) in recipients after liver transplantation. Methods Seventy-seven liver transplant recipients and 231 individuals undergoing colonoscopy during physical examination were recruited in this study. The incidence of CAP and pathological examination results were analyzed. Clinical data of liver transplant recipients were collected. According to the incidence of CAP, liver transplant recipients were divided into the CAP group (n=28) and non-CAP group (n=49). The risk factors of CAP after liver transplantation were identified. Results The 5-year cumulative incidence rates of colorectal polyps in liver transplant recipients and physical examination individuals were 43% and 34%, and 29% and 23% for the 5-year cumulative incidence rates of CAP, with no significant differences (both P > 0.05). Among all liver transplant recipients, 65 polyps were detected. The quantity of polyps in 1 case was excessively high and not counted. Multiple polyps were identified in certain recipients. Five polyps were not prepared for pathological examination due to small size. Pathological examination of 60 polyps demonstrated 25 inflammatory polyps, 33 CAP (8 complicated with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and 3 complicated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia), and 2 well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Cox model analysis prompted that use of ciclosporine after liver transplantation was an independent risk factor for CAP in the recipients. Conclusions The risk of CAP is slightly elevated after liver transplantation. Postoperative use of ciclosporine is an independent risk factor for CAP in recipients after liver transplantation. Colonoscopy should be emphasized in the recipients after liver transplantation.