A comprehensive knowledge of spinal biomechanics is of importance for the understanding of all aspect of spinal kinematics, clinical analysis and management of spinal problems. The spine is a biomechanical structure. The spine is a composit of the motion segments including sophisticated ligaments and reinforced muscles on the back, abdomen and rib cage. With an integrity of the biomechanical structure of spine, it has fundamental biomechanical functions such as allowing the physiologic motion smoothly between the head & pelvis, resist the destructive motions by stiffening the spine, transfer the weight evenly and protect the delicate vulnerable spinal cord. The data of the biomechanical aspects enable to know the characteristics of spine, to analysis the clinical situations, and to manage the spinal problems in ideal manner so as to contribute spine in healthy.
Abdomen ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Head ; Ligaments ; Muscles ; Pelvis ; Ribs ; Spinal Cord ; Spine

Lumbar discography was described as the clinical diagnostic method by Lindblom in 1948, but its clinical value is still controversial. There are many false positive on lumbar discography. As CT scans are new widely available, axial discography only deserve to evaluate accureately. In 41 patients of lower back apin, radiating pain & claudication that was not improved with conservative treatment for 2 weeks, plain and axial discography were performed. The results were as follows :l. Among the 41 patients, herniated lumbar disc swere 19 cases, lumbar syndromes were 8 cases, spondylolisthesis were 8 cases and spinal stenosis were 6 cases. 2. Among the 95 level of discography, the level of L4-5 & L5-Sl were 81%. 3. The incidence of pathologic discs classified by Quinnell classification and Dallas discography description at plain axial discography were 65%, 74%, respectively. 4. Among the 19 cases of operated herniated lumbar discs, false negative and false positive plain discagraphy were 21%, 11%, respectively. And false negative axial discography is 5.3%. 5. There was a significant relationship between pain on provocation test and degeneration of discs. 6. We can confirmed the pathologic discs prior to operation.
Back Pain ; Classification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methods ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spondylolisthesis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

There were few reports on minor injuries such as strains of hand, wrist and elbow, but there was no report on the supracondylar fracture of the femur in Bowler. The fracture is induced if the stance motion is unbalanced during the body weight shift from the throw in bowling.
Body Weight ; Elbow ; Femur ; Hand ; Wrist

The author reviewed 67 cases having medial instability of the knee joint from 1971 to 1980 who were treated by surgery at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Ewha Womans University Hospital. The author reviewed 67 cases which showed medial instability from 1971 to 1980 who had been treated by surgery in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Ewha Womans University Hospital and summarized as follows. 1. The majority of the medial instability was due to rupture of medial collateral ligament with capsular ligament (43.3%), and the rest were due to rupture of tibial collateral ligament only (35.8%). 2. The medial instability also produced by rupture of the other structures of the medial side of the knee joint without tibial collateral ligament rupture. 3. The stress radiogram was important guide line for the diagnosis of the injury of the medial structures of the knee joint. 4. The degree of medial joint space opening was increased with the number of structures injured.
Collateral Ligaments ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee Joint ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee ; Rupture

No abstract available.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

No abstract available.
Hirschsprung Disease*

No abstract available.
Semen Analysis* ; Semen*

No abstract available.
Fever*

No abstract available.
Endophthalmitis* ; Vibrio*

Objective To observe the effect of modified electroconvulsive therapy combined with venlafaxine on cognitive function and its efficacy in patients with depression.Methods 60 patients with depressive disorder were selected,and they were randomly divided into study group and control group according to the random number table method,30 cases in each group.The patients in the study group accepted modified electroconvulsive therapy for 10 times combined with venlafaxine sustained-release tablets treatment,while the patients in the control group were only treated with venlafaxine.Both two groups were treated for 6 weeks.The cognitive function was assessed by the Repeat able Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsycholgical Status (RBANS) and the therapeutic effect was evaluated by Hamilton Depression(HAMD) Scale before and after treatment.Results The scores of immediate memory,delayed memory,speech function,visual breadth and attention of both two groups after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment(all P ＜ 0.05),and the attention score of the study group was (109.96 ± 19.01) points,which was higher than (100.32 ± 17.13)points of the control group (t =2.062,P ＜ 0.05).The HAMD scores after treatment in both two groups were significantly lower compared with those before treatment (all P ＜ 0.05),and the HAMD score of the study group was (7.23 ± 4.19)points,which was lower than (10.27 ± 5.99)points of the control group (t =2.273,P ＜ 0.05).The total effective rate of the study group(96.7％) was significantly higher than that of the control group (86.7 ％) (x2 =6.546,P ＜ 0.05),and the cure rate of the study group (60.0％) was also higher than that of the control group (36.7％) (x2 =10.901,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Modified electroconvulsive therapy combined with venlafaxine treatment can effectively improve the cognitive function of depressive patients,and its effect is significantly better than monotherapy.