In order to survey the occurrence of waterborne viruses in Korean surface water, a total of 192 water samples from July 2003 to January 2006 were collected and analyzed. The presence of waterborne viruses was investigated by total culturable virus assay (TCVA) using buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells. The results showed that 63 of 192 samples (32.8%) were positive for waterborne viruses with the average concentration of 3.1+/-18 most probable numbers (MPN)/100 L. The relationship between the occurrence of the viruses and the physicochemical environmental factors revealed that there was a significant correlation between the turbidity of water and the occurrence of the viruses. It was also noted that the water temperature might have some relationship with the occurrence of the viruses, as the frequency of the viruses was higher in low temperature or winter season. Therefore, the occurrence of waterborne viruses in Korean surface water might be affected by the physicochemical environmental factors such as turbidity and water temperature.
Buffaloes ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Kidney ; Seasons ; Water*

No Abstract Available.
Mammals*

Intestinal rupture caused by small bowel volvulus was diagnosed in a captive 13-year-old male American black bear. The animal presented with decreased appetite, depression, lethargy, and mild abdominal distention for 3 days. The animal was treated with antibiotics, hypermetabolites, and digestive medicine daily; however, it died on the third day of treatment. The clinical symptoms included hemorrhagic ascites, gaseous extension of the small intestine, and intestinal rupture caused by small bowel volvulus. Hemorrhagic signs were observed in the lungs and heart. This is the first case to describe small bowel volvulus in mammals of the family Ursidae.
Adolescent ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Appetite ; Ascites ; Depression ; Heart ; Humans ; Intestinal Volvulus* ; Intestine, Small ; Lethargy ; Lung ; Male ; Mammals ; Rupture* ; Ursidae*

AIMTo evaluate two extenders and two cryoprotectant agents (CPA) for alpaca semen cryopreservation.

METHODSSemen samples were obtained from four adult alpacas (Lama pacos) and frozen using extender I (TRIS, citrate, egg yolk and glucose) or extender II (skim milk, egg yolk and fructose), each containing either glycerol (G) or ethylene glycol (EG) as CPA. Consequently, four groups were formed: 1) extender I-G; 2) extender I-EG; 3) extender II-G; and 4) extender II-EG. Semen was diluted in a two-step process: for cooling to 5 degrees (extenders without CPA), and for freezing (extenders with CPA). Viability and acrosome integrity were assessed using trypan blue and Giemsa stains.

RESULTSWhen compared, the motility after thawing was higher (P >0.05) in groups II-EG (20.0% +/- 6.7%) and II-G (15.3 % +/- 4.1% ) than that in groups I-G (4.0 % +/- 1.1%) and I-EG (1.0 % +/- 1.4%). Viable spermatozoa with intact acrosomes in groups II-EG (18.7 % +/- 2.9%) and II-G (12.7 % +/- 5.9%) were higher than that in groups I-G (5.7% +/- 1.5%) and I-EG (4.0% +/- 1.0%).

CONCLUSIONThe skim milk- and egg yolk-based extenders containing ethylene glycol or glycerol to freeze alpaca semen seems to promote the survival of more sperm cells with intact acrosomes than the other extenders.

Aquaporin (AQP) is a water channel protein that is of critical importance in the urinary concentrating process and the regulation of water balance in the kidney, and at least seven AQPs are expressed at distinct sites in the kidney. The common marmoset monkey is widely used as an experimental animal included in the primate order in the filed of renal system. However, nothing is known about the expression AQP in the common marmoset monkey kidney. The purpose of this study was to establish the distribution of AQP-1, AQP-2, AQP-3 and AQP-4 in the common marmoset monkey kidney. We used three male common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) ranging in age from 2 to 3 years. AQP-1 was expressed in segments 1, 2 and 3 of the proximal tubule, particularly abundant in segment 1, and also observed in the descending thin limb of the medulla. AQP-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the apical plasma membrane of principal cells in the cortical and medullary collecting ducts. AQP-3 immunostaining was intense in the basolateral plasma membrane of connecting tubules as well as in the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. AQP-4 was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of inner medullary collecting duct cells. These data suggest that AQPs of the common marmoset monkey kidney may play a similar role in urinary concentrating processes and the regulation of water balance to that of AQPs in rats, mice and humans.
Animals ; Aquaporins* ; Callithrix* ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Extremities ; Haplorhini* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney* ; Male ; Mice ; Primates ; Rats

A coxsackievirus B strain was successfully isolated by cells culture from cardiac muscle tissues of a dead Sichuan golden monkey with myocarditis from a zoo of Changchun in China. The isolate was consistent with CVB by morphology, physicochemistry test, animal regression test and RT-PCR. Analysis of VP1 partial gene sequence and detection of mice specific serum IgG showed that the strain isolated was a coxsackievirus B3. It was the first CVB case report in Sichuan golden monkey and the strain isolated was named CVB/SGM-05.
Animals ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Enterovirus B, Human ; isolation & purification ; Haplorhini ; virology ; Heart ; virology ; Mice ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vero Cells ; Viral Structural Proteins ; genetics

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is classified into three types according to its pathophysiology: prerenal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal AKI. Experimental models of AKI can be divided into two categories: in vivo and in vitro. Models can be further subdivided according to how AKI is simulated. The pathophysiology of intrinsic renal and post-renal AKI has been investigated using animal models. Most studies have been conducted in murine models using male mice or rats, while large mammals like sheep, pigs, and monkeys have been used in a limited number of studies. The intrinsic renal AKI model is divided into septic vs. aseptic AKI. Aseptic AKI is subdivided into ischemic vs. nephrotoxic AKI. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) have been used to simulate the septic AKI model in rodents. Ischemic AKI is the most extensively investigated field to date because ischemic AKI is the most common and serious cause of AKI in both native kidneys and renal allografts. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) surgery has been used to induce ischemic AKI. There are two different methods of IRI surgery: laparotomy vs. flank approach. Warm temperature and male sex are critical to induction of sufficient grade of renal injury in this model. Many nephrotoxicants pertinent to human disease have been used to reproduce nephrotoxic AKI in rodent models. Cisplatin, a common chemotherapeutic agent, has many pathophysiologic features that overlap with IRI. Other nephrotoxicants such as gentamicin or glycerol were studied in the past, whereas much more attention has recently been devoted to environmental nephrotoxicants such as cadmium. However, variant susceptibility to different doses of nephrotoxicants is a big hurdle to set up a reproducible and consistent model of nephrotoxic AKI. Post-renal AKI is simulated with ureteral obstruction surgery, whereas the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model has frequently been used. Although some novel findings have been reported through numerous studies using murine AKI models, AKI still remains a challenging condition that lacks specific diagnostic or therapeutic tools because of species barriers or experimental settings. Animal AKI models using mammals genetically closer to human like monkeys would be valuable to simulate human AKI more appropriately.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Allografts ; Animals* ; Cadmium ; Cisplatin ; Gentamicins ; Glycerol ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney ; Laparotomy ; Ligation ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Male ; Mammals ; Mice ; Models, Animal* ; Models, Theoretical ; Punctures ; Rats ; Reperfusion Injury ; Rodentia ; Sheep ; Swine ; Ureteral Obstruction

BACKGROUND: Hantavirus are widely distributed in rodents populations even in geographical areas where hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has not been reported. Multiple species of Murid and Arvicolid rodents serve as the natural reservoirs of hantaviruses. Serologic diagnosis using hantaviral antigens indicates that hantaviruses are widely distributed in wild rodents. This study was designed to find the distribution of hantaviruses among wild rodents and small mammals in Korea, 1995-1996. METHODS: Rodents were trapped alive in selected areas. A total of 551 wild rodents from 7 species and 97 small mammals from 4 species were captured in Korea. Serologic evidence for hantavirus infection were tested using five hantavirus antigens by indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFA). Among 162 Apodemus agrarius, 23 Apodemus peninsulae, 8 Clethrionomys regulus, 6 Microtus fortis, 1 Mus musculus, 283 Tamias sibiricus, 68 Sciurus vulgaris, 14 Crocidura laciura, 80 Lepus sinensis, 2 Capereolus capereolus and 1 Nyctereutes procyonoides. RESULTS: 29 A. agrarius, 2 A. peninsulae, 1 C. laciura, 2 C. regulus, 27 T. sibiricus and 7 S. vulgaris were seropositive against Hantaan virus and 7 L. sinensis were IF antibody positive against Seoul virus. Some of Tamias sibiricus were only seropositive against Puumala virus or prospect hill virus. CONCLUSION: This data suggests that new serotypes of hantavirus might distribute among rodents in Korea.
Animals ; Arvicolinae ; Diagnosis ; Hantaan virus ; Hantavirus Infections* ; Hantavirus* ; Hares ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Korea* ; Mammals ; Mice ; Muridae ; Murinae ; Puumala virus ; Raccoon Dogs ; Rodentia* ; Sciuridae ; Seoul virus

Serosurveillance for zoonotic diseases in small mammals and detection of chiggers, the vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi, were conducted from September 2014 to August 2015 in Gwangju Metropolitan Area. Apodemus agrarius was the most commonly collected small mammals (158; 91.8%), followed by Myodes regulus (8; 4.6%), and Crocidura lasiura (6; 3.5%). The highest seroprevalence of small mammals for O. tsutsugamushi (41; 26.3%) was followed by hantaviruses (24; 15.4%), Rickettsia spp. (22; 14.1%), and Leptospira (2; 1.3%). A total of 3,194 chiggers were collected from small mammals, and 1,236 of 3,194 chiggers were identified with 7 species of 3 genera: Leptotrombidium scutellare was the most commonly collected species (585; 47.3%), followed by L. orientale (422; 34.1%), Euchoengastia koreaensis (99; 8.0%), L. palpale (58; 4.7%), L. pallidum (36; 2.9%), Neotrombicula gardellai (28; 2.3%), and L. zetum (8; 0.6%). L. scutellare was the predominant species. Three of 1,236 chigger mites were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by PCR. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, the O. tsutsugamushi strain of chigger mites had sequence homology of 90.1-98.2% with Boryong. This study provides baseline data on the distribution of zoonotic diseases and potential vectors for the development of prevention strategies of vector borne diseases in Gwangju metropolitan area.
Animals ; Arvicolinae ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Globus Pallidus ; Gwangju* ; Hantavirus ; Korea* ; Leptospira ; Mammals* ; Mites ; Murinae ; Orientia tsutsugamushi* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Rickettsia ; Rodentia ; Sequence Homology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Trombiculidae* ; Zoonoses*

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare coronary artery anomaly and double right coronary artery (RCA) is a very rare coronary anomaly. Because patients with ALCAPA usually die within 1 year of being born due to myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure, ALPACA is very rarely seen in adults. Here, we report an extremely rare asymptomatic case of MI, presumably caused by ALCAPA and double RCA, and provide a review of the literature. This is the first reported case of coronary artery anomaly that had both ALCAPA and double RCA.
Adult ; Bland White Garland Syndrome ; Camelids, New World ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; Coronary Vessels ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Pulmonary Artery