Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea among children, resulting in outbreaks of diarrhea and occasionally hospitalization. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular diagnostics have further defined the impact of HAstV infections in children. These studies have shown that HAstV infections are clinically milder (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) than infections with other enteric agents. Among the 8 serotypes of HAstV identified, serotype 1 is the predominant strain worldwide. In addition to serotype 1, the detection rate of HAstV types 2 to 8 has increased by using newly developed assays. HAstV is less common compared with other major gastroenteritis viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus; however, it is a potentially important viral etiological agent with a significant role in acute gastroenteritis. A better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of HAstV strains may be valuable to develop specific prevention strategies.
Child ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Gastroenteritis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; Pathology, Molecular ; Sprains and Strains ; Vomiting

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea among children, resulting in outbreaks of diarrhea and occasionally hospitalization. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular diagnostics have further defined the impact of HAstV infections in children. These studies have shown that HAstV infections are clinically milder (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) than infections with other enteric agents. Among the 8 serotypes of HAstV identified, serotype 1 is the predominant strain worldwide. In addition to serotype 1, the detection rate of HAstV types 2 to 8 has increased by using newly developed assays. HAstV is less common compared with other major gastroenteritis viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus; however, it is a potentially important viral etiological agent with a significant role in acute gastroenteritis. A better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of HAstV strains may be valuable to develop specific prevention strategies.
Child ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Gastroenteritis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; Pathology, Molecular ; Sprains and Strains ; Vomiting

Human astroviruses have been recognized as one of the important causes of viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In the present work, we reviewed the progress of astrovirus infections in humans, focusing on the serotypes molecular biological, characteristics of disease, pathogenic mechanism, epidemiology and detection methods, and concluded that there were multiple astroviruses circulating in the world, and several novel astroviruses were discovered in recent years. Human astrovirus 1 was the most prevailing serotype. Which caused intestinal and parenteral infections, and the characteristics of infections were similar to other diarrheal viruses. However, the pathogenic mechanism remained unknown. Only limited data was available about the correlation between the novel astroviruses and diseases, and the laboratory detection methods needed to be established.
Animals ; Astroviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Cell Line ; Genome, Viral ; genetics ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus ; classification ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; physiology ; Virus Replication

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is one of the leading causes of actue virual diarrhea in infants. HAstV-induced epithdlial cell apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HAstV infection. Our previous study indicated that HAstV non-structural protein nsPla C-terminal protein nsPla/4 was the major apoptosis functional protein and probably contained the main apoptosis domains. In order to screen for astrovirus encoded apoptotic protien, nsPla/4 and six turncated proteins, which possessed nsPla/4 protein different function domain ,were cloned into green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector pEG-FP-N3. After 24-72 h transfection, the fusion protein expression in BHK21 cells, was analysis by fluorescence microscope and Western blot. The results indicated seven fusion proteins were observed successfully in BHK21 cell after transfected for 24 h. Western blot analysis showed that the level of fusion protein expressed in BHK21 cells was increased significantly at 72h compared to 48h in transfected cells. The successful expression of deletion mutants of nsPla/4 protein was an important foundation to gain further insights into the function of apoptosis domains of nsPla/4 protein and it would also provide research platform to further confirm the molecule pathogenic mechanism of human astrovirus.
Amino Acid Motifs ; Astroviridae Infections ; virology ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mutation ; Sequence Deletion ; Transfection ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism

Human astrovirus (HastV) is recognized as one of the leading causes of acute viral diarrhea in infants. The HastV non-structural protein, nsPla, and C-terminal protein, nsPla/4, contain various conserved functional domains,and may play an important role in virus replication, transcription and the virus-host interactions of HastV. This study used an E. coli system to investigate the expression of nsPla and nsPla/4 proteins. Firstly,the nsPla and nsPla/4 genes of HAstV-1 were cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector,PGEX-4T-1, to build the PGEX-4T-1a and PGEX-4T-la/4 fusion protein plasmids. Then, the recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and induced with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The optimal expression conditions of the two fusion proteins were identified and then analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that the pGEX-4T-la fusion protein was maximally expressed at 30 °C after 12 hours of induction with 1.0 mM IPTG. The pGEX-4T-la/4 fusion protein was maximally expressed at 20 °C after 8 hours of induction with 0.5 mM IPTG. Western blot analysis showed that the two fusion proteins specificity reacted with the anti-nsPla and anti-GST monoclonal antibodies, respectively. This study successfully obtained the HAstV non-structural protein, nsP1a, and its C-terminal protein nsP1a/4 protein using an E. coli system. This novel study lays the foundation for future research into the pathogenic mechanisms of human astrovirus and the functions of its non-structural protein.
Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Mamastrovirus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mamastrovirus ; drug effects ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Objective: To study the complete genome characterization of Human Astrovirus (HAstV) in Shandong Province. Methods: Stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected, and HAstV nucleic acid was examined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted for the positive samples to obtain complete genome sequences and identify the genotype. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed by using BioEdit and Mega software. Results: A total of 667 samples were examined by qPCR, of which 14 were HAstV-positive (2.1%), including HAstV-1 (n=6), MLB1 (n=6), MLB2 (n=1), and VA2 (n=1). The complete genome sequences were obtained from 11 samples. The six HAstV-1 sequences of this study had 98.2% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 87.6% to 98.6% with those from other regions. The four MLB1 sequences of this study had 99.1% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 92.2% to 99.4% with those from other regions. The VA2 sequence of this study had 96.0% to 96.3% nt similarities with those from other regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 region showed that the local HAstV-1 sequences were most closely related to Japanese strains, and had distinct topology with phylogenies based on ORF1a and ORF1b regions. Conclusion: The complete genome sequences of 11 HAstV strains are obtained, and the VA2 complete genome is found.
Humans ; Mamastrovirus/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology* ; Feces ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Genotype ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: To study the complete genome characterization of Human Astrovirus (HAstV) in Shandong Province. Methods: Stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected, and HAstV nucleic acid was examined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted for the positive samples to obtain complete genome sequences and identify the genotype. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed by using BioEdit and Mega software. Results: A total of 667 samples were examined by qPCR, of which 14 were HAstV-positive (2.1%), including HAstV-1 (n=6), MLB1 (n=6), MLB2 (n=1), and VA2 (n=1). The complete genome sequences were obtained from 11 samples. The six HAstV-1 sequences of this study had 98.2% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 87.6% to 98.6% with those from other regions. The four MLB1 sequences of this study had 99.1% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 92.2% to 99.4% with those from other regions. The VA2 sequence of this study had 96.0% to 96.3% nt similarities with those from other regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 region showed that the local HAstV-1 sequences were most closely related to Japanese strains, and had distinct topology with phylogenies based on ORF1a and ORF1b regions. Conclusion: The complete genome sequences of 11 HAstV strains are obtained, and the VA2 complete genome is found.
Humans ; Mamastrovirus/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology* ; Feces ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Genotype ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Astrovirus is frequently associated with diarrhea in children. It can not be readily isolated by cell culture, and an electronmicroscope is usually used for detection of this agent. Recently in 1995 a combined method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was designed for easier detection of astrovirus, which is based on the conserved sequence in 3'-end of genomes of the 7 known serotypes of human astrovirus. As of yet there has not been any report of astrovirus data in Korea using the RT-PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to detect astrovirus incidence, severity of symptoms, seasonal variation and coinfection rate with rotavirus in Korean children inpatients with diarrhea. Fecal specimens from 61 young children hospitalized with gasteroenteritis Korea from Jan. 1996 through Mar. 1997. They were examined for astroviurs infection by RT-PCR method. Results are as follows: 1. Astrovirus was detected at 9.8% (6/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by EIA using monoclonal antibody coated plates. 2. Astorvirus was detected at 29.5% (18/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by RT-PCR. 3. The age of the 18 children affected by astrovirus ranged from 2 monthes to 7 years with mean of 3.0 years. 4. Mean hospital stay of the 1S children was 6.1 days. 5. Five (27.8%) astrovirus RT-PCR positive strains were confirmed in November and in December, respectively out of 18 specimens in total. 6. Astrovirus coinfection with rotavirus type G1 was confirmed in 15/16 specimens (93.8%), and with type G2 was in 1/16 specimens (6.3%).
Cell Culture Techniques ; Child* ; Coinfection ; Conserved Sequence ; Diarrhea ; Feces* ; Genome ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Mamastrovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Reverse Transcription* ; Rotavirus ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo explore the epidemiological characteristics of viral diarrhea of norovirus (NV), sapovirus (SV) and astrovirus (AstV) among children in Zhuhai during winter and spring.

METHODSStool specimens were collected from children with viral diarrhea in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zhuhai from November 21, 2009 to April 3, 2010. Nucleic acid of NV, SV and AstV from negative specimens of rotavirus and adenovirus were detected by using Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the types of positive samples of NV were also classified at the same time.

RESULTSThe total detection rate of the three viruses is 21.49 percent, the highest detection rate is 29.05% in December 2009, the lowest detection rate is 12.20% in February 2010, 87.96% of positive specimens were from children patients aged from 0 to 30 months. The season detection rate of NV, SV and AstV are 14.70%, 2.75% and 4.04% respectively. There were significant differences of NV and SV detection rates in every month of the season, whereas the AstV detection rate was comparatively stable. The highest detection rate of NV is 34.09% in children patients aged from 12 to 18 months, the highest SV detection rate is 12.5% in children patients aged from 60 to 120 months, and the highest AstV detection rate is 16.67% in children patients aged from 24 to 30 months. All the NV were belong to G II genogroup.

CONCLUSIONSNV is one of the main pathogens causing viral diarrhea among children in Zhuhai during winter and spring, SV and AstV are also important pathogens. So we should strengthen the monitoring of viral diarrhea caused by NV, SV and AstV in infants and young children.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mamastrovirus ; isolation & purification ; Norovirus ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sapovirus ; isolation & purification ; Seasons