Many factors exert an influence on enzyme activity and thus on the rate of reactions that they catalyse. The most important of these factors are pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and the concentration of some inhibitors present. A solution of the enzyme diastase, which breaks down molecules of the polysaccharide starch to the disaccharide maltose by hydrolysis, was provided. Activity of these enzyme was measured by the rate at which starch was removed from the reaction mixture. These experiments were designed to study this reaction rate under varying conditions and the following results were obtained. 1. The range of optimum pH for this enzyme at room temperature was 4.0-7.0 and the optimum pH was 5.0. 2. The range of optimum temperatures for this enzyme at pH 7.0 was 30-50 degrees C and the optimum temperature was 40 degrees C. 3. The relationship between the enzyme activity and substrate concentration could be expressed by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The limiting velocity of these enzyme at room temperature and pH 7.0 was 415 microgram starch removed/ml of reaction mixture/min and Km, Michaelis constant, was 343 microgram/ml. 4. Inhibitors NaCl and HgCl2 blocked this enzyme activity completely at 1% and 0.01% respectively.
Amylases* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Maltose ; Mercuric Chloride ; Starch ; Water*

BACKGROUND: Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is recommended for all diabetic patients who receive insulin treatment, because such monitoring of glucose levels may aid in achieving better control in type II diabetes. Further, the use of point-of-care (POC) blood glucose testing in hospitals has increased substantially. In the present study, we validated the performance of ACCU-CHEK(R) Inform II Blood Glucose Meter and ACCU-CHEK(R) Performa Strip (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). METHODS: We evaluated the precision, accuracy, and maltose interference of the ACCU-CHEK(R) Inform II Blood Glucose Meter and ACCU-CHEK(R) Performa Strip. Further, precision was evaluated using dedicated quality control (QC) and Bio-Rad Whole Blood (WB) QC materials (Meter Trax(TM) Control; Bio-Rad, USA). Forty samples were used to compare the results obtained using the ACCU-CHEK(R) Inform II Blood Glucose Meter and ACCU-CHEK(R) Performa Strip with those obtained using the clinical chemistry analyzer Hitachi 7600 (Hitachi, Japan). Maltose interference was assessed at 2 glucose concentration levels at 3 maltose concentration levels. RESULTS: For each concentration level of control materials, within-run coefficient of variation (CV) and total CV obtained were less than 5%. Good correlation was obtained using the Hitachi 7600 (y = 1.02x - 0.18; r 2 = 0.996; N = 40). Effects of maltose interference were less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the ACCU-CHEK(R) systems show good precision and correlation with the routine clinical chemistry analyzer and allow only minimal effects of maltose interference.
Blood Glucose ; Chemistry, Clinical ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin ; Maltose ; Quality Control

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects on blood glucose and pH of 5% maltose in lacated Ringer's solution with those of other solutions infused during operation. Ninety patients were divided into three groups according to the type of solutions: 5% maltose in lactated Ringer's solution(M/X Group, N=30), Lactared Ringer's solution(H/S Group, N=30) and 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (H/D Group, N=30). Blood sampling was done after each solution was infused at the rate of 5cc/kg/hr(N=15) and 10cc/kg/hr(N=15) for and hour. The results were as follows: 1) Blood glucose level following M/X solution infusion was slightly increased in contrast to the significant increase of blood glucose following H/D solution infusion(p<0.005). 2) Blood pH level following M/X solution infusion was not significantly changed regardless of infusion rate, but was significantly decreased following H/D solution infusion at the rate of 10cc/kg/hr(p<0.01).
Blood Glucose ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Maltose*

The robust capacity of skeletal muscle stem cells (SkMSCs, or satellite cells) to regenerate into new muscles in vivo has offered promising therapeutic options for the treatment of degenerative muscle diseases. However, the practical use of SkMSCs to treat muscle diseases is limited, owing to their inability to expand in vitro under defined cultivation conditions without loss of engraftment efficiency. To develop an optimal cultivation condition for SkMSCs, we investigated the behavior of SkMSCs on synthetic maltose-binding protein (MBP)-fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-immobilized matrix in vitro. We found that the chemically well-defined, xeno-free MBP-FGF2-immobilized matrix effectively supports SkMSC growth without reducing their differentiation potential in vitro. Our data highlights the possible application of the MBP-FGF2 matrix for SkMSC expansion in vitro.
In Vitro Techniques ; Maltose-Binding Proteins ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Stem Cells

α-amylase is an endonucleoside hydrolase that hydrolyzes the α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds inside polysaccharides, such as starch, to generate oligosaccharides, dextrins, maltotriose, maltose and a small amount of glucose. Due to the importance of α-amylase in food industry, human health monitoring and pharmaceuticals, detection of its activity is widely required in the breeding of α-amylase producing strains, in vitro diagnosis, development of diabetes drugs, and the control of food quality. In recent years, many new α-amylase detection methods have been developed with improved speed and sensitivity. This review summarized recent processes in the development and applications of new α-amylase detection methods. The major principle of these detection methods were introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared to facilitate future development and applications of α-amylase detection methods.
Humans ; alpha-Amylases/chemistry* ; Polysaccharides ; Oligosaccharides ; Starch ; Maltose

BACKGROUND: The accurate and rapid identification (ID) of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli (NFB) is essential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and for epidemiologic studies of hospital infections. Commercial identification systems of NFB are easy to use but too expensive. The aim of the study was to develop a simple system for the identification of NFB species which are frequently isolated from clinical specimens. METHODS: Eighteen biochemical tests used in NFB microplate ID system were pyocyanin in Tech media; pyoverdin in Flo media; glucose fermentation, acid formation from glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, and mannitol in oxidation-fermentation media; Nitrate and nitrite reduction in nitrate media; fornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, and arginine dihydrolase in Moeller decarboxylase media; acetamide, urease, citrate, 42degrees C growth, and oxidase test. For the establishment of NFB's biochemical data in microplate ID system, 175 consecutive isolates of NFB from clinical specimens isolated during the period of April 2000 were simultaneously tested by microplate method and API 32GN. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of clinical isolates of NFB were identified to the species level by NFB microplate ID system. CONCLUSIONS: The NFB microplate ID system is simple to use, rapid and economical. Further modification are needed to improve the accuracy and identification rate of NFB isolates.
Arginine ; Citric Acid ; Cross Infection ; Fermentation ; Glucose ; Lactose ; Lysine ; Maltose ; Mannitol ; Oxidoreductases ; Pyocyanine ; Sucrose ; Urease

BACKGROUND: The use of point of care glucometer is widely established. However, the reliability of glucometer can vary according to the type of patients tested. Chemical interference with some current glucometer has been observed in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. StatStrip(R) (Nova Biomedical, USA) has been designed to compensate for this interference effect. So we compared the analytic performance and interference response of StatStrip(R) to two conventional glucometers. And we also evaluated the interference response with samples in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: StatStrip(R) and two other glucometers were compared for linearity, imprecision, correlations with Advia 2400(TM) (Bayer Diagnostics, USA). Interference by lactate, maltose, were evaluated. Interferences in 20 samples of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis were also evaluated. RESULTS: The coefficients of variation (CVs) of within-run precision were 1.70-3.77% and CVs of total precision were 1.98-3.99%. The linearity was R2=0.9776-0.988 (P<0.001). High correlation was found in each glucometer and the Advia 2400(TM). But all the glucometers showed a variable positive or negative bias compared with reference method. Including samples of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, maltose did not significantly influence the glucose concentration in StatStrip(R) and one of the conventional glucometers within 20% difference range. Lactate and hematocrit did not significantly influence the glucose concentration in all glucometers. CONCLUSIONS: StatStrip(R) shows good linearity, precision, correlation with the reference method and shows minimal interference effects. Our results indicate that StatStrip(R) also has clinical reliability when used in a peritoneal dialysis setting.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Blood Glucose ; Glucose ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Maltose ; Peritoneal Dialysis

No abstract available.
Ascorbic Acid/*chemistry ; Blood Chemical Analysis/instrumentation/*methods ; Blood Glucose/*analysis ; Maltose/*chemistry

Rapid administration of solution containing dextrose results in marked hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis. Jeon reported blood sugar of 200 to 465mg per 100ml. in patients receiving 10ml per hour of 5% dextrose in 1/3 saline and the urine output went up to 340ml per hour. This study was undertatken to evaluate Elitol asto changes of blood sugar concentrations when it was administered rapidly. Elitol is a maltose contained in a balanced salt solution shich has a different effect in the blood sugar level from a gulcose contained solution. 40 patients were chosen at random and divided into 3 groups i.e. one group 5% dextrose in water(D5/W), the second group 5% dextrose in lactated ringer's solution(D5/LR) and the third group the Elitol solution. Patient's blood was drawn on the operating table prior to starting I.V. infusion for the measurement of blood sugar in various conditions of N.P.O. Intravenous fluid was administered at 10ml/kg/hour while anesthesia was induced and maintained with an endotracheal tube in place. The blood samples were taken after one hour, 2 hours and 3 hours from the time the LV. infusion started. In the group of 5% dextrose in water, the value of blood sugar was 82+/-mg% at NPO2 205+/-36mg% at 1 hour, 273+/-49mg% at 2 hours, and 316+/-63mg% at 3 hours. The blood sugar values increased markedly. In the group of 5% dextrose in lactate Ringer's solution the values of blood sugar were 99+/-16mg% at NPO, 255+/-49mg% at 1 hour, 285+/-54mg% at 2 hours and 292+/-78mg% at 3hours. The values of blood sugar increased significantly and were very similar to the 1st group. In the group of Elitol, the values of blood sugar were 92+/-12mg% at NPO, 126+/-21mg% at 1 hour, 131+/-24mg% at 2 hours and 128+/-23mg% at 3hours. The increase of blood sugar levels were insignificant which is entirely different from the change of blood sugar in the above groups. Accordingly we came to the conclusion that rapid infusion of Elitol solution affects the blood sugar levels insignificantly compared to the dextrose containing solutions which increase the blood sugar levels greatly.
Anesthesia ; Blood Glucose* ; Diuresis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Lactic Acid ; Maltose ; Operating Tables ; Water

1. The saturated solution of starch, inulin and lactose could not inhibit the growth in media of monilia albicans. Trichophyton interdigitable and alternaria species. 2. In the cultivation findings of monilia albicans shows imperfect or dysfigured elementary pattern in saturated maltose, mannitol and ruffinose media, and was inhibited the growth by sucrose and dextrose lotion. 3. Saturated mannitol solution inhibit growth of trichophyton interdigitable strain and mannitol and dextrose inhibit the alternaria cultivation.
Alternaria ; Candida ; Fungi* ; Glucose ; Inulin ; Lactose ; Maltose ; Mannitol ; Saccharum* ; Starch ; Sucrose ; Trichophyton