OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether Disability Evaluation (DE) situations influence patients' neuropsychological test performances and psychopathological characteristics and which variable play a role to establish an explanation model using statistical analysis. METHODS: Patients were 536 (56.6%) brain-injured persons who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, classified into the DE group (DE; n = 300, 56.0%) and the non-DE group (NDE; n = 236, 44.0%) according to the neuropsychological testing's purpose. Next, we classified DE subjects into DE cluster 1 (DEC1; 91, 17.0%), DE cluster 2 (DEC2; 125; 23.3%), and DE cluster 3 (DEC3; 84, 15.7%) via two-step cluster analysis, to specify DE characteristics. All patients completed the K-WAIS, K-MAS, K-BNT, SCL-90-R, and MMPI. RESULTS: In comparisons between DE and NDE, the DE group showed lower intelligence quotients and more severe psychopathologic symptoms, as evaluated by the SCL-90-R and MMPI, than the NDE group did. When comparing the intelligence among the DE groups and NDE group, DEC1 group performed worst on intelligence and memory and had most severe psychopathologic symptoms than the NDE group did. The DEC2 group showed modest performance increase over the DEC1 and DEC3, similar to the NDE group. Paradoxically, the DEC3 group performed better than the NDE group did on all variables. CONCLUSION: The DE group showed minimal "faking bad" patterns. When we divided the DE group into three groups, the DEC1 group showed typical malingering patterns, the DEC2 group showed passive malingering patterns, and the DEC3 group suggested denial of symptoms and resistance to treatment.
Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Denial (Psychology) ; Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Malingering ; Memory ; MMPI ; Neuropsychological Tests

OBJECTIVE: To examine the self-reported scale of brief psychopathological symptoms (SBPS) to detect malingering in forensic psychiatric cases. METHODS: Two hundred and six cases with different types of psychiatric problems were tested by SBPS. All cases were separately evaluated by two experts. RESULTS: About 34.5% cases (71/206) were classified as malingering by the cut-off 13 scores of SBPS. Compared with expert's evaluation, SBPS showed a false negative rate of 19.8% and a false positive rate of 1.7%, respectively, with a total accuracy rate of 90.8%. Cases involved in compensations including working injury and traffic accidence showed the highest rate of malingering (51%). CONCLUSION SBPS is useful for detecting malingering psychopathological symptoms.
Adult ; Female ; Forensic Psychiatry ; Humans ; Lie Detection ; Male ; Malingering/psychology* ; Mental Disorders/psychology* ; Psychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Volition ; Young Adult

Polygraph, as a traditional lie detector, is used to detect lies by some changes of human peripheral neuro-vegetative responses. The reliability of this technique, which depends on some other none-instrumental factors to a great extent, has drawn lots of attention and question. Event related potentials (ERPs) have good specificity and time resolution and can monitor instant cognitive processing and brain electric activity. However, its space resolution is poorer than brain function nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relatively. Brain fMRI can show the brain functional changes directly. It has good space resolution but bad time resolution, and all images of fMRI are just the final results of brain changes after lying. So, fMRI technique for detecting deception is still in the basic research phase at present. Contrary to other techniques, psychometrics has been used and studied more in detecting deception or malingery in practice.
Brain/physiology* ; Cognition/physiology* ; Deception ; Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology* ; Humans ; Lie Detection/psychology* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Malingering/psychology* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

In the fields of judicial psychiatric identification, about 40%-60% of the people maybe exaggerate their injury for personal profit. Though some psychological tests are effective in identification, they are limited in cunning liars. This article summarizes previous experimental mode, results and effects of event-related potential (ERP) in detecting cognitive malingering. ERP technology can be highly sensitive and specific. It is a kind of objective physiological index and is a promising technology in detecting cognitive malingering.
Brain Injuries/psychology* ; Cognition Disorders/psychology* ; Disability Evaluation ; Electroencephalography ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; Forensic Psychiatry/methods* ; Humans ; Malingering/psychology* ; Memory/physiology* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: To study the application value of contrast vision in identifying the malingering decreased vision in the practice of clinical forensic medicine. METHODS: Thirty-one young and middle aged volunteers were selected and divided randomly into group 1 (16 persons with 32 eyes) and group 2 (15 persons with 30 eyes). The optotype contrast was 100%, 25%, 10% and 5%, respectively. The contrast vision of group 1 was tested. The contrast vision of group 2 was tested as follows: (1) the volunteers cooperated without inspector's interference; (2) the volunteers cooperated under inspector's interference; (3) the volunteers disguised decreased vision without inspector's interference; (4) the volunteers disguised decreased vision under inspector's interference. The data was then analyzed by statistics. RESULTS: There was a close correlation between contrast vision and contrast. As the contrast decreased, the vision acuity also decreased. The contrast vision curve of former two methods showed a good reproducibility while the contrast vision curve of latter two methods had a bad reproducibility. CONCLUSION The repetition of contrast curve with or without inspector's interference can be used to discriminate malingering vision. The acquired contrast curves can be provided to the court as direct evidence and can help enhance the verification conclusion.
Adult ; Contrast Sensitivity/physiology* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malingering/psychology* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Severity of Illness Index ; Vision Tests/statistics & numerical data* ; Vision, Binocular ; Vision, Low/psychology* ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult