Objective To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of defatted methanolic extract and aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) against cyclophosphamide drug. Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced by cyclophosphamide in 7 days at 150 mg/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route in rat model. Nephroprotective activity of M. koenigii extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in intraperitoneal route) was measured, including nephrological source, oxidative stress parameters like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, the lipid peroxide and in vivo assay like blood urea nitrogen, creatinine were determined and analyzed by One way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. Results The study result showed that important phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, glycosides, protein and steroids were found to be present in the extract of M. koenigii. The renal function markers like blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level were found to be decreased significantly by M. koenigii extract treatment. A significant difference was found to be at P < 0.01. Conclusions The present study reveals the protective role of M. koenigii extract against cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity.

OBJECTIVETo assess the interobserver agreement on Garden classification of fresh femoral neck fracture and management plan based on anteroposterior (AP) view and also assess if the addition of lateral view changes the classification and management plan.

METHODSTen orthopaedic surgeons were asked to classify 35 femoral neck fractures on AP view only and propose the management plan. Then the same films were reshown in conjunction with their lateral view after 10 days. Results were compared with respect to the classification and management plan between two groups. Interobserver agreement was calculated using Fleiss' kappa.

RESULTSThere was only a fair interobserver agreement (kappa value 0.39) on Garden classification on AP view only which improved to moderate agreement (kappa value 0.52) after adding a lateral view. While there was only a slight improvement in the interobserver agreement on the management plan on AP view only (kappa value 0.50) and AP combined with lateral views (kappa value 0.52). Supplementation of the lateral view changed the classification in 15.42% of the cases and altered the management plan in 23.14% of the cases.

CONCLUSIONWe conclude that lateral view should be obtained routinely on all patients with suspected femoral neck fracture as it definitely has a role in planning treatment of femoral neck fracture.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Observer Variation