No abstract available.
Epilepsy* ; Magnetoencephalography*

Establishing the significance of observed effects is a preliminary requirement for any meaningful interpretation of clinical and experimental Electroencephalography or Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. We propose a method to evaluate significance on the level of sensors whilst retaining full temporal or spectral resolution. Input data are multiple realizations of sensor data. In this context, multiple realizations may be the individual epochs obtained in an evoked-response experiment, or group study data, possibly averaged within subject and event type, or spontaneous events such as spikes of different types. In this contribution, we apply Statistical non-Parametric Mapping (SnPM) to MEG sensor data. SnPM is a non-parametric permutation or randomization test that is assumption-free regarding distributional properties of the underlying data. The method, referred to as Maps SnPM, is demonstrated using MEG data from an auditory mismatch negativity paradigm with one frequent and two rare stimuli and validated by comparison with Topographic Analysis of Variance (TANOVA). The result is a time- or frequency-resolved breakdown of sensors that show consistent activity within and/or differ significantly between event or spike types. TANOVA and Maps SnPM were applied to the individual epochs obtained in an evoked-response experiment. The TANOVA analysis established data plausibility and identified latencies-of-interest for further analysis. Maps SnPM, in addition to the above, identified sensors of significantly different activity between stimulus types.
Electroencephalography ; Magnetoencephalography ; Methods ; Random Allocation

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic source imaging (MSI) are becoming increasingly important modalities in the functional neuroimaging of children. MEG is the magnetic equivalent of electroencephalography (EEG) and is thus capable of noninvasively characterizing neuronal activity on a millisecond time scale. MSI combines this functional information provided by MEG with the high anatomic detail of conventional magnetic resonance imagings. Considerable effort is placed on analyzing the configuration and number of spike waves by MEG that relate to a primary epileptiform discharge. Such MEG spike clusters are corroborated now by intraoperative invasive subdural grid monitoring that show good correlation in the majority of cases. Another important role of MEG relates to the mapping of critical regions of brain function using known paradigms for speech, motor, sensory, visual, and auditory brain cortex. In this review, I would introduce the background of MEG, data acquisition and analysis, and clinical application of MEG in children with epilepsy.
Brain ; Child* ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Magnetoencephalography* ; Neurons

Exposure of humans to unusual spaces is effective to observe the adaptive strategy for an environment. Though adaptation to such spaces has been typically tested with vision, little has been examined about adaptation to left–right reversed audition, partially due to the apparatus for adaptation. Thus, it is unclear if the adaptive effects reach early auditory processing. Here, we constructed a left–right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices and asked two participants to wear it for 4 weeks. Every week, the magnetoencephalographic responses were measured under the selective reaction time task, where they immediately distinguished between sounds delivered to either the left or the right ear with the index finger on the compatible or incompatible side. The constructed system showed high performance in sound localization and achieved gradual reduction of a feeling of strangeness. The N1m intensities for the response-compatible sounds tended to be larger than those for the response-incompatible sounds until the third week but decreased on the fourth week, which correlated with the initially shorter and longer reaction times for the compatible and incompatible conditions, respectively. In the second week, disruption of the auditory-motor connectivity was observed with the largest N1m intensities and the longest reaction times, irrespective of compatibility. In conclusion, we successfully produced a high-quality space of left–right reversed audition using our system. The results suggest that a 4-week exposure to the reversed audition causes optimization of the auditory-motor coordination according to the new rule, which eventually results in the modulation of early auditory processing.
Ear ; Fingers ; Hearing* ; Humans ; Magnetoencephalography* ; Reaction Time ; Sound Localization

Data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) suffer from a rather limited signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) due to cortical background activities and other artifacts. In order to study the effect of the SNR on the size and distribution of dipole clusters reconstructed from interictal epileptic spikes, we performed simulations using realistically shaped volume conductor models and extended cortical sources with different sensor configurations. Head models and cortical surfaces were derived from an averaged magnetic resonance image dataset (Montreal Neurological Institute). Extended sources were simulated by spherical patches with Gaussian current distributions on the folded cortical surface. Different patch sizes were used to investigate cancellation effects from opposing walls of sulcal foldings and to estimate corresponding changes in MEG and EEG sensitivity distributions. Finally, white noise was added to the simulated fields and equivalent current dipole reconstructions were performed to determine size and shape of the resulting dipole clusters. Neuronal currents are oriented perpendicular to the local cortical surface and show cancellation effects of source components on opposing sulcal walls. Since these mostly tangential aspects from large cortical patches cancel out, large extended sources exhibit more radial components in the head geometry. This effect has a larger impact on MEG data as compared to EEG, because in a spherical head model radial currents do not yield any magnetic field. Confidence volumes of single reconstructed dipoles from simulated data at different SNRs show a good correlation with the extension of clusters from repeated dipole reconstructions. Size and shape of dipole clusters reconstructed from extended cortical sources do not only depend on spike and timepoint selection, but also strongly on the SNR of the measured interictal MEG or EEG data. In a linear approximation the size of the clusters is proportional to the inverse SNR.
Artifacts ; Dataset ; Electroencephalography* ; Head ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetoencephalography ; Neurons ; Noise

Advances in network science and computer engineering have enabled brain connectivity analysis using clinical big data such as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), or magnetoencephalography (MEG). Resting-state functional connectivity analysis aims to reveal the characteristics of functional brain network in various diseases and normal brain maturation using resting-state EEG. Simplified sequence of resting-state functional connectivity analysis methods will be reviewed in this article. The outcomes from EEG resting-state connectivity analysis are comprised of connectivity itself of the specific condition and the network topology measure which describe the characteristics of specific connectivity. An increasing number of studies report the differences in the functional connection itself, global network measures including segregation (connectedness), integration (efficiency), and importance of specific nodes (centrality or node degree). Several issues that are relevant in the resting-state connectivity analysis are obtaining good quality EEG for analysis, consideration of particular features of EEG signal, understanding different types of association measures, and statistics for comparison of connectivities. Well-designed and carefully analyzed EEG resting-state connectivity analysis can provide useful information for patient care in pediatric neurology.
Brain ; Electroencephalography* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography ; Neurology ; Patient Care

Speech comprehension is a central cognitive function of the human brain. In cognitive neuroscience, a fundamental question is to understand how neural activity encodes the acoustic properties of a continuous speech stream and resolves multiple levels of linguistic structures at the same time. This paper reviews the recently developed research paradigms that employ electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) to capture neural tracking of acoustic features or linguistic structures of continuous speech. This review focuses on two questions in speech processing: (1) The encoding of continuously changing acoustic properties of speech; (2) The representation of hierarchical linguistic units, including syllables, words, phrases and sentences. Studies have found that the low-frequency cortical activity tracks the speech envelope. In addition, the cortical activities on different time scales track multiple levels of linguistic units and constitute a representation of hierarchically organized linguistic units. The article reviewed these studies, which provided new insights into the processes of continuous speech in the human brain.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Magnetoencephalography ; Speech ; physiology ; Speech Perception

Magnetoencephalography(MEG) has many advantages over the electroencephalography (EEG) as it detects the magnetic fields originating from the intracellualr currents within neurons, which are not attenuated or distorted by intervening tissues. Over the several years, it has developed to a whole-head system that enables its routine clinical application for epilepsy patients. MEG is indicated for localization of the irritative zone in lesional and nonlesional epilepsy surgery patients, with having the superiority in neocortical epilepsy, functional mapping of eloquent cortex and defining its relationship with the brain lesion or epileptogenic area, and assessment of normal and abnormal language development. Because of its high spatial and temporal resolution, MEG provides promises to be a powerful tool in the investigation of normal and abnormal brain function including sensory, motor, memory and cognitive processes in the developing brain in the future.
Brain ; Child* ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Language Development ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetoencephalography* ; Memory ; Neurons

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) scalp EEG source imaging (ESI) in partial epilepsy in comparison with the results of presurgical evaluation, magnetoencephalography (MEG), and electrocorticography (ECoG). METHODS: The epilepsy syndrome of 27 partial epilepsy patients was determined by presurgical evaluations. EEG recordings were made using 70 scalp electrodes, and the 3D coordinates of the electrodes were digitized. ESI images of individual and averaged spikes were analyzed by Curry software with a boundary element method. MEG and ECoG were performed in 23 and 9 patients, respectively. RESULTS: ESI and MEG source imaging (MSI) results were well concordant with the results of presurgical evaluations (in 96.3% and 100% cases for ESI and MSI, respectively) at the lobar level. However, there were no spikes in the MEG recordings of three patients. The ESI results were well concordant with MSI results in 90.0% of cases. Compared to ECoG, the ESI results tended to be localized deeper than the cortex, whereas the MSI results were generally localized on the cortical surface. ESI was well concordant with ECoG in 8 of 9 (88.9%) cases, and MSI was also well concordant with ECoG in 4 of 5 (80.0%) cases. The EEG single dipoles in one patient with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy were tightly clustered with the averaged dipole when a 3 Hz high-pass filter was used. CONCLUSIONS: The ESI results were well concordant with the results of the presurgical evaluation, MSI, and ECoG. The ESI analysis was found to be useful for localizing the seizure focus and is recommended for the presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy patients.
Electrodes ; Electroencephalography* ; Epilepsies, Partial* ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe ; Humans ; Insulator Elements ; Magnetoencephalography* ; Scalp ; Seizures

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) records the magnetic field generated by electrical activity of cortical neurons. The signal is not distorted or attenuated, and it is contactless recording that can be performed comfortably even for longer than an hour. It has excellent and decent temporal resolution, especially when it is combined with the patient's own brain magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic source imaging). Data of MEG and electroencephalography are not mutually exclusive and it is recorded simultaneously and interpreted together. MEG has been shown to be useful in detecting the irritative zone in both lesional and nonlesional epilepsy surgery. It has provided valuable and additive information regarding the lesion that should be resected in epilepsy surgery. Better outcomes in epilepsy surgery were related to the localization of the irritative zone with MEG. The value of MEG in epilepsy surgery is recruiting more patients to epilepsy surgery and providing critical information for surgical planning. MEG cortical mapping is helpful in younger pediatric patients, especially when the epileptogenic zone is close to the eloquent cortex. MEG is also used in both basic and clinical research of epilepsy other than surgery. MEG is a valuable diagnostic modality for diagnosis and treatment, as well as research in epilepsy.
Brain ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography* ; Neurons ; Pediatrics