BACKGROUND: Rocuronium produces injection pain in 50-80% of treated patients. Therefore, a variety of pretreatments have been attempted to reduce this issue. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 different doses of magnesium on the rocuronium injection pain and following hemodynamic changes by laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (LTI). METHODS: Two hundreds patients, ASA I and II, undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery were randomly divided to 4 groups: group 1, 2, 3, 4 received saline 5 ml, magnesium 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg prior to 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium, respectively. Then, group 1 only was treated with esmolol (20 mg) before LTI. Pain intensity with rocuronium injection was assessed using a four-point scale according to patient's movement. Cardiovascular responses at baseline, after induction, 1 minutes after LTI were determined. RESULTS: Compared to saline, 10 and 20 mg/kg of magnesium significantly reduced the incidence of overall movement after rocuronium injection (34% and 36% in group 3 and 4, respectively vs. 76% in the group 1) (P < 0.0001). Generalized movement was seen in 4% of patients in groups 3 and 4, respectively. Compared to baseline values, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) immediately after LTI significantly increased within groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), but not within groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium (10 and 20 mg/kg) prior to rocuronium was effective in attenuating rocuronium associated injection pain and cardiovascular changes by LTI.
Androstanols ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngoscopy ; Magnesium ; Magnesium Sulfate ; Propanolamines

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing liver transplantation may be a group predisposed to hypomagnesemia and bleeding tendency. There is evidence that magnesium is a crucial constituent of the blood coagulation cascade and has a pro-coagulant activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium therapy on thromboelastograph (TEG) findings and other clinical parameters in patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: 27 patients scheduled for liver transplantation were included. 1.5 g of magnesium sulfate was diluted in 100 ml of normal saline and infused over a period of 5 minutes to all patients. TEG findings immediately before and after magnesium infusion were compared. Total blood transfused and CaCl2 requirements in these patients were compared with those of a group of patients who received liver transplantation without magnesium therapy. RESULTS: K time and coagulation time (r + k) showed significant reduction, and MA, A60 and TEG index showed significant increases after magnesium therapy (P < 0.05). R time reduced and alpha angle increased after magnesium therapy, but these were not statistically significant. Less blood and CaCl2 was required by these patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium therapy significantly improved TEG findings of general hypocoagulability in end stage liver disease. It was also associated with a reduced amount of total blood transfused and CaCl2 required during liver transplantation.
Blood Coagulation ; End Stage Liver Disease* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Magnesium Sulfate ; Magnesium*

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate that the chronic noise exposure is associated with decreased serum magnesium concentrations and evaluate whether decreased serum magnesium is associated with noise induced hearing loss. METHODS: One hundred seventy-eight male workers exposed to noise were selected and classified three groups by the degree of hearing loss. Hearing threshold levels were less than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or less than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz in group I, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz and 15 dB and less of pure tone average(PTA: (500 Hz+1,000 Hz+2,000 Hz)/3) in group II, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4, 000 Hz and over 15 dB of PTA in group III. RESULTS: Serum magnesium concentrations were 2. 42+/-0. 26 nc/dt in group I, 2. 35+/-0.23 mg(dl in group II, 2.26+/-0.24 ne/dl in group III, respectively and significantly different between group I and group III (p<0. 01). It was negatively correlated with duration of the noise exposure as correlation coefficient(r) of -0.194 (p<0.05). Analysis of the multiple regression on hearing threshold levels showed that serum magnesium, diastolic blood pressure, duration of the noise exposure were statistically significant at 4,000 Hz(p<0.05). While only age was statistically significant at 1,000 Hz(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that chronic noise exposure may induces decrease in serum magnesium concentrations and that its decreased concentration is related with noise induced hearing loss.
Blood Pressure ; Hearing Loss* ; Hearing* ; Humans ; Magnesium* ; Male* ; Noise*

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Fetal Blood* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Magnesium* ; Parathyroid Hormone* ; Phosphorus*

OBJECTIVESTo study on the changes of intracellular calcium and magnesium in cirrhosis and its clinical significance.

METHODSThe calcium and magnesium were determined in serum (SCa, SMg), platelets (PCa, PMg), mononuclear cells (MNCCa, MNCMg), polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCa, PMNMg) and erythrocytes (RCa, RMg) of 50 patients with uncompensative cirrhosis (group A) and of 35 patients with compensative cirrhosis (group B). 35 health persons were the control group.

RESULTSThe SCa and SMg of group A were lower significantly than those of both group B and control group. The MNCCa, PMNCa, RCa, PMg, MNCMg, PMNMg, RMg of group A [(4.76+/-1.91) micromol/10(9), (7.56+/-2.88) micromol/10(9), (0.66+/-0.13) mmol/L, (5.53+/-2.25) micromol/10(11), (6.64+/-3.53) micromol/10(9), (10.12+/-4.32) micromol/10(9), (2.02+/-0.76) mmol/L] and those of group B [(5.34+/-2.41) micromol/10(9), (8.32+/-2.34) micromol/10(9), (0.67+/-0.11) mmol/L, (5.55+/-2.67) micromol/10(11), (6.56+/-3.44) micromol/10(9), (10.95+/-4.45) micromol/10(9), (2.21+/-0.74) mmol/L] were lower significantly than those of control group [(6.86+/-2.02) micromol/10(9), (9.89+/-3.23) micromol/10(9), (0.72+/-0.10) mmol/L, (7.43+/-2.78) micromol/10(11), (8.68+/-4.1) micromol/10(9), (13.96+/-5.76) micromol/10(9), (2.74+/-0.92) mmol/L]; t (group A vs. control group)=4.88, 3.48, 2.31, 3.45, 2.46, 3.52, 4.00, 0.01, 0.01, 0.05, 0.01, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01; t (group B vs. control group)=2.87, 2.34, 2.00, 2.89, 2.33, 2.45, 2.65, 0.01, 0.05, 0.05, 0.01, 0.05, 0.02, 0.02. The PCa of the patients with hepatic encephalopathy was higher, the SMg, PMg, MNCMg, PMNMg and RMg were lower than those of the patients without hepatic encephalopathy significantly. The SCa, SMg, PMg, MNCMg, PMNMg and RMg of the patients in Child stage C were lower significantly than those of the patients in Child stage B. There were no significant differences of PCa, MNCCa, PMNCa and RCa between Child stage C and Child stage B. There were no significant differences of SCa, MNCCa, PMNCa and RCa between the patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy. The ratios of PCa/SCa, MNCCa/SCa and PMNCa/SCa of the patients with decreased SMg were lower than those of control group. The SMg, MNCMg, PMNMg and RMg were correlated directly with the level of serum albumin.

CONCLUSIONThere are calcium and magnesium deficiencies in the patients with uncompensative cirrhosis and compensative cirrhosis, this deficiency aggravates with the severity of the disease. There is relative increase of intracellular calcium. The magnesium deficiency may be one of the reasons for both hepatic encephalopathy and relative increase of intracellular calcium.

Adult ; Blood Cells ; chemistry ; Calcium ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; blood ; Magnesium ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged

Background; Tracheal intubation for cesarean section is usually performed with rapid sequence induction. Under this light stage of anesthesia, marked hypertensive changes of maternal hemodynamic responses following tracheal intubation may occur, which are the common cause of maternal and neonatal complications. We have studied the maternal cardiovascular blunting effect of magnesium sulfate following tracheal intubation in cesarean section. Methods; After obtaining the written informed consents, ninety ASA class I parturients scheduled for cesarean section were randomly allocated to one of three groups: group 1 received thiopental 4 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg, group 2 received fentanyl 1.5 microgramg/kg additionally, and group 3 received fentanyl 1.5 microgramg/kg and MgSO4 40 mg/kg additionally. Systolic, mean, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before induction, immediately after intubation. Serum magnesium concentrations were measured before administering magnesium and near the end of surgery. Train of four ratio was monitored during whole period of anesthesia. Neonatal Apgar scores and neurologic and adaptive capacity scores (NACS) were checked. Results; Blood pressure changes were more stable in group 2 and group 3, especially group 3, than group 1 (p<0.05). No statistical differences were found in heart rate changes in all groups. No significant differences were noted in neuromuscular recoveries, neonatal Apgar scores and NACS. Conclusions; Magnesium sulfate may be successfully used for blunting the cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation in parturients undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean section.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Intubation* ; Magnesium Sulfate* ; Magnesium* ; Pregnancy ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies reported that sodium and potassium play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Recently attention has been directed towards a possible role of the divalent cations such as calcium, and magnesium. Plasma renin activity is also known to be related to divalent cations heterogeneously. This study investigated the relationships between serum magnesium and ionized calcium and plasma renin activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects consisted of 27 essential hypertensive patients and 25 normotensive controls. Criteria for hypertensive group in this study were systolic blood pressure> or =140mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure > or =90mmHg (JNC-VI, 1997). Inclusion criteria were normal urinalysis, no history of systemic illness, no intake of antihypertensive drugs, and no recent intake of any other medication. We took magnesium-loading test for a reliable method of assessing possible magnesium deficiency. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups in serum Magnesium concentration and other electrolytes and plasma renin activity. There was significantly higher rate in hypertensives than in normotensives in magnesium retention(hypertensive vs. normotensive: 63.56+/-12.21% vs. 38.43+/-11.53%, P<0.001). There was significant differences in ionized calcium between high-renin and low-or normo-renin hypertensives(P<0.001). Plasma renin activity was correlated positively with serum ionized calcium in hypertensives(r=.8147; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that plasma renin activity is a factor that can influence on serum ionized calcium in high-renin hypertensives.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium* ; Cations, Divalent ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Magnesium Deficiency ; Magnesium* ; Plasma* ; Potassium ; Renin* ; Sodium ; Urinalysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies reported that sodium and potassium play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Recently attention has been directed towards a possible role of the divalent cations such as calcium, and magnesium. Plasma renin activity is also known to be related to divalent cations heterogeneously. This study investigated the relationships between serum magnesium and ionized calcium and plasma renin activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects consisted of 27 essential hypertensive patients and 25 normotensive controls. Criteria for hypertensive group in this study were systolic blood pressure> or =140mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure > or =90mmHg (JNC-VI, 1997). Inclusion criteria were normal urinalysis, no history of systemic illness, no intake of antihypertensive drugs, and no recent intake of any other medication. We took magnesium-loading test for a reliable method of assessing possible magnesium deficiency. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups in serum Magnesium concentration and other electrolytes and plasma renin activity. There was significantly higher rate in hypertensives than in normotensives in magnesium retention(hypertensive vs. normotensive: 63.56+/-12.21% vs. 38.43+/-11.53%, P<0.001). There was significant differences in ionized calcium between high-renin and low-or normo-renin hypertensives(P<0.001). Plasma renin activity was correlated positively with serum ionized calcium in hypertensives(r=.8147; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that plasma renin activity is a factor that can influence on serum ionized calcium in high-renin hypertensives.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium* ; Cations, Divalent ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Magnesium Deficiency ; Magnesium* ; Plasma* ; Potassium ; Renin* ; Sodium ; Urinalysis

BACKGROUND: It is known that magnesium can inhibit platelet function in vitro and ADP-induced platelet activation. We wished to demonstrate if magnesium could inhibit activation of platelets preserved at cold temperature. METHODS: We incubated each mixture of platelets and various concentrations of magnesium sulfate (0~10 mM) at room temperature and at a cold temperature (4oC). On days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, we measured the platelet count, pH, LD level, glucose level, HCO3?? level, lactate level, expression of CD62P, expression of annexin V, and ADP-induced aggregation of platelets. RESULTS: The platelets stored at 4oC showed a similar LD level but a lower platelet count, lactate level, and expression of CD62P and annexin V, and a higher pH and glucose level than platelets stored at room temperature. With an increasing magnesium concentration, expression of CD62P in the platelets stored at 4oC was slightly decreased, but expression of annexin V was increased. ADP-induced aggregation of the platelets stored at 4oC was not affected by magnesium. CONCLUSION: Magnesium did not effectively inhibit activation of platelets during preservation at cold temperature (4oC).
Annexin A5 ; Blood Platelets ; Cold Temperature* ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactic Acid ; Magnesium Sulfate* ; Magnesium* ; Platelet Activation ; Platelet Count

The link between diabetes mellitus and magnesium deficiency is well known. A growing body of evidence suggests that magnesium plays a pivotal role in reducing cardiovascular risks and may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes itself. While the benefits of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic control have yet to be demonstrated in patients, magnesium supplementation has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Effects of Magnesium (Mg) supplementation on the glycemic control of 63 mild gestational diabetic patients were investigated. The use of an ionic, liquid minerals containing concentrated amounts of magnesium and chloride (CMD) was used for supplementation during the two week period and showed good glycemic control in the study group without additional need foe insulin injections.

Human ; Female ; Magnesium Deficiency ; Magnesium ; Insulin Resistance ; Ionic Liquids ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Blood Glucose ; Pregnancy In Diabetics ; Insulin ; Minerals