Approximately 90% of freshly imported macaques and other Old World Monkeys are known to be infected with respiratory mites. The lung associated pigments are integral components of pulmonary acariasis in Old World Monkeys; at least three distinctive pigmental bodies are identified in association with lung mite infection. Two major components of pigments are recently identified as silica by using elemental analysis using a high voltage electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis technique. Since a limited number of infected monkey lung tissues and associated pigments can be examined by this tedious procedure, it was important for us to examine much greater number of specimens to verify our initial observation. Ten microincineration technique described provided a unique and practical way to identify the mineral elements in as many 27 histologic sections within a short span of time. Silica and silicates are heat resistant whereas majority of organic materials including lung mite parasites disintegrated under the extreme temperature. Mineral elements were exclusively located within the polarizable white ash. More than 90% of total pigmental bodies identified were found to be related to siliceous materials in 20 incinerated infected monkey lung tissues whereas five noninfected lungs similarly examined did not reveal any pigmental bodies. Other than a small of fine granular mucin substances which were PAS positive, the majority of lung mite associated pigments such as large granules of hemosiderin, needle-like crystals and other fine granules engulfed by macrophages were identified to be siliceous materials as they have persisted even after microincineration. Mite parasites and other organic materials were completely disintegrated. Similar pigmental bodies examined by microscope X-ray analysis were positive for silicate. This finding suggests that lung mite infection in Old Monkeys apparently predisposed silicosis. Therefore, until the link between lung mite infection and silicosis is clarified, expreimental inhalation toxicologic findings in mite-infected Old World monkeys should be interpreted cautiously.
Animals ; Lung/*parasitology ; Macaca/*parasitology ; Macaca fascicularis/parasitology ; Macaca mulatta/parasitology ; Macaca nemestrina/parasitology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mite Infestations/*veterinary ; Mites/*chemistry ; Papio/parasitology ; Primate Diseases/*parasitology ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis

Using rotavirus cultural methods isolated from 2001019203 strain in cellular fluid containing trypsine and rotavirus cloning method in stool samples of diarrhea children at the age of 9 months old, treated in St. Paul's Hospital in 2001. The results: 2001019203 strain was type G4, which was developed in MA 104 cellular fluids. 6/11 clones of the second cloning rotavirus were adaptable and development in cellular fluid MA104 were selected, in which only 3 clones were both adaptable and development as A-1, C-1* and E-3. All 6 adaptable colony were selected into further study
Rotavirus ; Macaca mulatta ; kidney ; cells

Rota virus of the type of G4P6, 8 (VNHR 203) is one of endemic strains in Vietnam causing acute diarrhea in under- five -year -old children. In the year 2000 this strain was isolated from fecal sample of a 9 month boy with acute diarrhoae admitted to St Paul hospital. Viruses were carelully selected and underwent 10 consecutive transferred culturing on Rhesus (MA104) monkey kidney cell medium, then 20 times of assimilating on Macacca mulatta monkey primitive kidney cells.They had got high safety and efficacy in the trial on Macacca mulatta aged 12-24 months
Macaca mulatta ; Haplorhini ; Rotavirus ; Diarrhea ; child

Background: In 2006, Center for research and production of vaccines and biologicals \ufffd?Ha Noi produced 10 million doses of poliomyelitis vaccine met quality standard which given by World Health Organization (WHO). The monkeys for vaccine production were selected and monkey kidney cells were tested arcording to the WHO requirements (the strong moykeys with no adventitous agents). Objectives: To assess the rates of mokeys (at the Reu island in Quang Ninh province) with no adventitous agent infection and the cells using to produce type 1 poliomyelitis vaccine in 2006. Subjects and method: The study was performed by using microneutralization technique on 39 Macaca mulatta mokeys with weights were 1.5 to 2.5 kg. Results: 11 out of 39 monkeys (28,21%) are negative to SIV, SV40, poliomyelitis viruses, foamy virus as well as tuberculin test. 100% lots of primary monkey kidney cells culture produced in 2006 are free from adventitous agents arcording to the WHO requirements. Conclusion: Center for research and production of vaccines and biologicals - Ha Noi implemented strictly under the WHO guidelines on selection of monkeys and monkey kidney cells for OPV production from Sabin strains.
Poliovirus Vaccine ; Oral ; Macaca mulatta ; Haplorhini

Background: Rotavirus acute diarrhea is a common disease in children aged 6 to 24 months, accounting for 50-70% of hospitalizations in Vietnam. Vaccines recommended by the WHO are quite expensive, so vaccination for this disease isn\u2019t widely used in Vietnam. Objectives: To evaluate the immune responses of 3 human rotavirus strains in Macaca mulatta monkeys. Subjects and method: 32 healthy monkeys aged 6-12 monthswere divided into 4 groups that received orally the G1P8 strains (Master seed- MS and Working seed- WS), G1P4 strains (MS and WS), G4P6 strains (MS and WS),and placebo. All monkeys were evaluated on general status, gastrointestinal symptoms and blood samples taken for immune analysis. Results: By ELISA technique, the Master Seed (MS) and Working Seed (WS) of Rotavirus, including G1P8 (KHI008), G1P4 (2001019210) and G4P6 (2001019203) strains showed high titer of IgG antibody in monkey at least four-fold after 3 doses of immunization. Conclusion: These 3 rotavirus strains produced by the Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals could be candidates for vaccine production.
IgG immune response ; Macaca mulatta ; rotavirus ;

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the therapeutic effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) on rhesus monkeys irradiated with 5.0 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray, and provide experimental basis for clinical treatment of similar patients. METHODS: Fourteen adult rhesus monkeys were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-ray on both sides at the dose of 5.0 Gy (dose rate 69.2 cGy/min) to establish the acute radiation sickness model. The monkeys were divided into irradiation group (n=5), rhTPO 5 μg/kg group (n=4) and rhTPO 10 μg/kg group (n=5). Two hours after irradiation, the three groups of monkeys were injected with saline 0.1 ml/kg, rhTPO 5 μg/kg（0.1 ml/kg） and rhTPO 10 μg/kg(0.2 ml/kg), respectively. The general signs, survival, peripheral hemogram and serum biochemistry of rhesus monkeys were observed before and after irradiation, and the differences between rhTPO group and irradiation control group were compared. RESULTS: After total body irradiation with 5.0 Gy⁶⁰Co γ-ray, rhesus monkeys successively showed fever, hemorrhage, sharp decrease of whole blood cell counts in peripheral blood and disorder of serum biochemical indexes. Compared with the irradiated control group, a single intramuscular injection of rhTPO 5 μg/kg or 10 μg/kg 2 hours after irradiation could improve the symptoms of fever and bleeding, increase the nadir of peripheral red blood cells and platelets counts, shorten the duration of hemocytopenia, and advance the time for blood cells to return to the pre-irradiation level. The serum biochemical results showed that rhTPO could improve the abnormality of serum biochemical indexes in rhesus monkeys induced by 5.0 Gy total body irradiation to some extent. Compared with the two administration groups, the therapeutic effect of rhTPO 10 μg/ kg was better. CONCLUSION A single injection of rhTPO 5 μg/ kg or 10 μg/ kg 2 hours after irradiation can alleviate the injury of multilineage hematopoiesis and promote the recovery in monkeys irradiated by 5.0 Gy γ-ray. It also improves animal signs and has obvious therapeutic effect on acute radiation sickness.
Humans ; Animals ; Macaca mulatta ; Radiation Injuries

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of electromyography (EMG) signals and the starting threshold voltages of the orbicularis oris muscles (OOM) in healthy rhesus monkeys under different muscle movement conditions. Methods: The EMG signals and the starting threshold voltages at different time points in 4 healthy rhesus monkeys were acquired and recorded with EMG device and evoked potentiometer. The voltage amplitude variation of EMG signals was analyzed, and the voltage amplitude range of EMG signals at the beginning of OOM contraction was established. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The EMG of OOM in healthy monkeys in the quiet, natural and continuous mouth-closed state was linear and relatively stable, and the absolute value fluctuated between 15 and 50 μV. The EMG waveform increased rapidly during the natural lip contraction movement, and its amplitude fluctuated greatly, with the highest absolute value of the peak value reaching hundreds of microvolts. The amplitude of EMG induced by continuous mouth closure was more than thousands of microvolts. There was no significant difference in EMG amplitudes of OOM in the healthy rhesus monkey under quiet and continuous lip closure at different time points (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in threshold voltages in the state of natural lip contraction of bilateral OOM at different time points (average range: 57.17-57.47 μV) in the healthy rhesus monkeys (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in threshold voltages of OOM induced by bilateral OOM at different time points(average range: 55.38-55.99 μV) in the healthy rhesus monkeys(P>0.05). There were significant differences in the absolute values of EMG amplitudes of OOM between the three lip movement modes: (30.67±8.72) μV in quiet and natural continuous lip closure (475.12±54.72) μV in natural lip contraction, and (921.22±312.79) μV in the induced persistent lip closure, with t values of -8.48, -9.35 and -5.01 respectively, all P<0.001. Conclusions: The EMG signals of OOM show different characteristics under different muscle movement conditions, which can be used as a basis for computer to judge and recognize the movement conditions of OOM. The upper limits of the EMG threshold voltage values of OOM under different motion states are 55-60 μV.
Animals ; Lip ; Macaca mulatta ; Facial Muscles ; Electromyography

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the bone-implant interfaces of two kinds of implants with different surfaces in different time in vivo.

METHODSCDIC and ITI-TPS solid-screw cylinder pure titanium implants were selected and implanted in the regions of posterior molars of rhesus monkeys. 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and 1 year after surgery, the bone-implant interfaces were evaluated respectively through oral examination, X-ray inspection, light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation.

RESULTSNone of the implants was loose. Soft tissue around implants appeared no inflammation. There were no apparent transparent shadow around the implants interfaces in X-ray photos except little angle-shaped absorption was showed in neck region of CDIC implants of one-month. New bone was observed around implants of one-month through light microscope and SEM. More bone growing around ITI implants were seen than that around CDIC implants except the interfaces of one-year.

CONCLUSIONThe osseointegration of ITI implants are better than that of CDIC implants during three months after implanting without loading. The bone formation at the interfaces of ITI and CDIC implants has no significant difference after one year without loading.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of class III forces in craniofacial morphology and sutural histology in Rhesus monkeys.

METHODSSix male Rhesus monkeys in mixed dentition were employed in this study, two as 90-day experimental group, two as 45-day experimental group and the other two as control respectively. The experimental monkeys were casted magnetic orthopedic appliance-III (MOA-III), the control monkeys received no treatment. Intraoral photographs, casts and cephalometric radiographs of each animal were obtained at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Fluorescent and haematoxylin-eosin staining were used to observe the histological changes in craniofacial sutures. RESULTS; In experimental groups, the maxillomandibular relationship changed more significantly in 90-day experimental group than 45-day experimental animals. But changes were scarcely noted in the control. The bony depositions of the sutures were distinctly found during the experimental period, especially in zygomaticomaxillary, transverse palatine, pterygopalatine and zygomaticotemporal sutures.

CONCLUSIONThis study indicates that this kind of magnetic appliance could cause skeletal and dental changes of maxilla and mandible, and change the arrangement of connective tissues in craniofacial sutures, and lead to significant new bone deposition in craniofacial sutures.

OBJECTIVETo introduce a series of internal distractors developed by the authors and results of experimental study and clinical trials.

METHODSBased on the demand of clinical use and experimental studies, 7 kinds and 17 types of internal distractors were developed. Required biomechanics were evaluated and animal studies were undertaken in 16 Rhesus monkeys and 12 goats with 40 distractors. Clinically, 68 Patients with 7 kinds of severe dento-gratho-facial deformities were treated with 82 distractors and the histocompatibility, stability, influence on new bone formation were evaluated.

RESULTSThe 7 kinds of distractors were State-approved products made of Titanium alloy and permitted for use in human. The pull and twist force tests demonstrated that the loading capability of them were larger than 7.8 kgf and 5.0 kgf respectively. The domestic made Grade II screw was used to transmit the moving, it was nimble, without dead point, and with a forward-backward space of < 0.1 mm. The horizontal space in between the two fixing parts was < 0.1 mm. The parallel degree of the two direction-guide rods was within 0.05 mm. Animal and clinical studies demonstrated that there was no rejection response of the tissues. There were fractures of the direction-guide rods in two early cases, the design was improved then. Other results both experimentally and clinically were satisfactory with good osteogenesis.

CONCLUSIONSThis series of domestic made internal distractors can be used satisfactorily in distraction osteogenesis for various kinds of jaw deformities. The successful production of these distractors will provide a good foundation to popularize the internal distraction osteogenesis of the jaws.