Approximately 90% of freshly imported macaques and other Old World Monkeys are known to be infected with respiratory mites. The lung associated pigments are integral components of pulmonary acariasis in Old World Monkeys; at least three distinctive pigmental bodies are identified in association with lung mite infection. Two major components of pigments are recently identified as silica by using elemental analysis using a high voltage electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis technique. Since a limited number of infected monkey lung tissues and associated pigments can be examined by this tedious procedure, it was important for us to examine much greater number of specimens to verify our initial observation. Ten microincineration technique described provided a unique and practical way to identify the mineral elements in as many 27 histologic sections within a short span of time. Silica and silicates are heat resistant whereas majority of organic materials including lung mite parasites disintegrated under the extreme temperature. Mineral elements were exclusively located within the polarizable white ash. More than 90% of total pigmental bodies identified were found to be related to siliceous materials in 20 incinerated infected monkey lung tissues whereas five noninfected lungs similarly examined did not reveal any pigmental bodies. Other than a small of fine granular mucin substances which were PAS positive, the majority of lung mite associated pigments such as large granules of hemosiderin, needle-like crystals and other fine granules engulfed by macrophages were identified to be siliceous materials as they have persisted even after microincineration. Mite parasites and other organic materials were completely disintegrated. Similar pigmental bodies examined by microscope X-ray analysis were positive for silicate. This finding suggests that lung mite infection in Old Monkeys apparently predisposed silicosis. Therefore, until the link between lung mite infection and silicosis is clarified, expreimental inhalation toxicologic findings in mite-infected Old World monkeys should be interpreted cautiously.
Animals ; Lung/*parasitology ; Macaca/*parasitology ; Macaca fascicularis/parasitology ; Macaca mulatta/parasitology ; Macaca nemestrina/parasitology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mite Infestations/*veterinary ; Mites/*chemistry ; Papio/parasitology ; Primate Diseases/*parasitology ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis

In filariasis the infectivity of the appropriate mosquito vector is not consistent with the microfilarial density of the host. The reason may be attributed such factors as the time of microfilarial appearance in the peripheral blood of the host, the time of maximum biting activity of the arthropod vector, or the morphological adaptation of the feeding mechanism of the vector. However, it is quite puzzling to see why the number of microfilariae taken up by mosquitoes is subjected such a great variation, even though the same batch of mosquitoes are fed on the same filarial host under same laboratory conditions. The experiment was designed to observe more detail aspect of this relation. Adult Aedes togoi (Theobald, 1907) mosquitoes were reared from egg rafes colonized in an insectary. Animals used were Taiwan monkeys, Macaca cyclopsis which had been artificially infected with Wucheria malayi. The animals showed the microfilarial counts as low as nil to ten per slide of 20 cmm3 of blood, which seem to be rather fortunate for this kind of work. The microfilarial density of each animal was counted by taking each ten smears of 20 cmm(3) of peripheral blood the ear lobes before and after mosquito bite. Feeding were done in two occations, during 1600-1630 and 1900-1930 hours of the same day. The monkeys were immobilized and a rayon cage, housed 100 female mosquitoes for two days starvation, was exposed to the shaved abdomen of each animal. Fully engorged mosquitoes were transferred to a square rearing cage, which was later placed in the insectary, where kept temperature of 23-27degree C and relative humidity of 80-85 per cent. It was found that filarial larvae of the mosquito body usually develop to the third or infective stage in about 10 days after blood meal under these conditions. Daily dissections were made of these mosquitoes, either living or dead, after one week of rearing. Analysing of the result, the following conclusion was made. The rate and intensity of infection in mosquitoes are not directly related to the blood counts of microfilariae of the host animals. This is perhaps due to fluctuations of microbial outflow in the peripheral blood of individual animals. The reason of this would be no doubt due to a patch type of microfilarial distribution in the host blood.
parasitology-arthropodology-mosquito ; Aedes togoi ; Macaca cyclopsis ; monkey ; protozoology ; Brugia malayi ; microfilaria ; animal

Natural habitat fragmentation and reducing habitat quality have resulted in an increased appearance of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata (Gray, 1870), in suburban areas in Japan. To investigate the risk of zoonotic infections, a coprological survey of helminth eggs passed by wild Japanese macaques was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Microscopic examination found helminth eggs in high prevalence, and nucleotide sequencing of DNA extracted from the eggs identified Oesophagostomum cf. aculeatum and Trichuris trichiura. A fecal culture also detected infective larvae of Strongyloides fuelleborni. These zoonotic nematodes pose a potential health issue to local people in areas frequented by Japanese macaques.
Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Feces/*parasitology ; Japan ; Macaca ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oesophagostomiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Oesophagostomum/classification/*isolation & purification ; Primate Diseases/*parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Strongyloides/classification/isolation & purification ; Strongyloidiasis/parasitology/veterinary ; Trichuriasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Trichuris/classification/*isolation & purification

Rhesus monkeys (5 in each group) were inoculated with recombinant fusion protein of cholera toxin B subunit and multi-valent epitopes of Plasmodium falciparum intranasal or intramuscular (i.m.). Immune-responses and protective effect were evaluated. The antibody titer (Geometry mean) against CTB reached 1:512 (intranasal) and 1:10000 (i.m.) 14 day after 3rd immunization, and antibodies against P. falciparum were also elucidated, the titers in i.m. group were also significantly higher than that in intranasal group. The monkeys were challenged with 1.25 x 10(8) sporozoites of P. cynomolgi, Patent infection was observed in all 5 monkeys in control group inoculated with PBS in 10 - 14 days after challenge. Patent infection was also observed in 5 animals inoculated via intranasal and 2 animals in intramuscular group 19th days after challenge, But the infection last only 4 days in 3 animals in intranasal group and 2 animals in intramuscular group. The results demonstrated that the vaccine candidate could induce protective immune-responses in rhesus monkey against the challenge of P. cynomolgi.
Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; Antibodies, Protozoan ; blood ; Cholera Toxin ; genetics ; immunology ; Erythrocytes ; parasitology ; Macaca mulatta ; Malaria ; prevention & control ; veterinary ; Malaria Vaccines ; immunology ; Monkey Diseases ; prevention & control ; Plasmodium cynomolgi ; Plasmodium falciparum ; immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology