Objective To analyze the clinical features of urothelial carcinoma in renal allograft re- cipients and to investigate its diagnosis and treatment.Methods A retrospective study was undertaken on 1293 renal allograft recipients in our center between 1998 and 2003.Of them ,21 cases(72.4% )had urothe- lial carcinoma(4 males and 17 females).All the cases had not had tumor before transplantation.In 17 cases the protopathy was chronic interstitial nephritis(CIN).The mean interval between tumorigenesis and trans- plantation was 26 months(range,6-62 months).Of the 21 cases,6 had bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC);6 had unilateral pelvic or ureter TCC;8 had unilateral pelvic or ureter and bladder TCC;1 had bilat- eral pelvic and ureter TCC.In 10 cases,the ipsilateral upper urinary tract of the graft was involved;and in 4 cases,the contralateral upper urinary tract was involved.Painless gross hematuria and iterative urinary tract infection were the cardinal symptoms.Surgical treatment was performed in 19 cases.Postoperatively,all the cases received immunosuppressants at one third reduction dose in combination with intravesical instillation chemotherapy.Results Two cases receiving palliative treatment died 5 and 8 months after diagnosis.The other 19 cases were followed for 2-5 years.Of them,13 cases had tumor recurrence.The recurrence sites were bladder and the contralateral upper urinary tract.All the cases had no acute rejection at reduced dose of immunosuppressants,and all had normal renal function except for 2 cases,who underwent removal of the graft and had dialysis again.Conclusions Renal allograft recipients whose protopathy is CIN and female recipients have the risk of urothelial carcinoma after renal transplantation.Urothelial carcinoma occurs more often in ipsilateral upper urinary tract of the graft than in contralateral upper urinary tract.Considering the high possibility of bilateral upper urinary tract involvement by TCC,prophylactic bilateral nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision should be considered in renal allograft recipients who have involvement of contra- lateral upper urinary tract of the graft.

Objective To investigate the changes of brain volumes in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)patients using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method, and preliminarily explore the pattern of cerebral anatomical impairment. Methods Twenty-three clinically defined NMO patients and 15 gender and age matched healthy volunteers underwent 3-dimensional (3D) fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence scanning on 3.0 Tesla MR systen. Raw data was processed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 5. Whole brain volumes included grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), total intracranial volume (TIV), grey matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF),brain tissue fraction (BTF) and regional brain volumes between the two groups were compared by independent samples t-test and an Pearson were performed to compare the regional brain volumes and the ages. Results GMV of NMO group[(610. 2 ± 55.0) ml] was significantly decreased comparing to healthy control group[(657. 2 ± 36. 3) ml] (t = - 2. 915, P ＜ 0. 05). The age of NMO patients [(40 ± 9) years old] showed negative correlation with GMF [(42. 5 ± 2. 6) %] (r = - 0. 673, P ＜ 0. 05). Regional brain volume analysis showed decreased GMV in left insula and bilateral posterior cingutates in NMO patients,while decreased WMV was found in left frontal and left parietal white matter. Conclusion VBM could detect brain volume changes sensitively. Total grey matter volume in NMO patients was decreased comparing to HC group. Regional grey matter atrophy in NMO patients occurred in left insular and bilateral posterior cingutates, regional white matter atrophy occurred in left frontal and left parietal lobe.

Objective To explore the factors relating to serum lutein level in elderly patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Methods 102 early AMD patients diagnosed by international diagnostic criteria were selected.The level of serum lutein was measured by HPLC,and dietary intake was estimated by food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ).The factors relating to serum lutein level were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis models.Results Serum lutein level was higher in female AMD patients than in male AMD patients [(0.33±0.31) μmol/L vs.(0.21 ±0.19) μmol/L,t=2.21,P＜0.05].Serum lutein level was positively correlated with dietary lutein (r=0.49,P＜ 0.001),but not correlated with age,BMI,and other nutrient intake after adjustment for caloric intake.Dietary lutein was mainly from corn,spinach,leeks,eggs,chrysanthemum,pumpkin,broccoli,lettuce,asparagus and peas.Intakes of spinach,pumpkin,asparagus were significantly associated with serum lutein level.Conclusions Elderly patients with AMD should increase the intakes of lutein-rich vegetables to increase the serum lutein level.

Objective: To study whether domestic chloramphenicol eye drops with different ethylparabenin content meet the re-quirements in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Methods:Antimicrobial effect test was used to examine the antimicrobial effect of the different eye drops. Results:The antimicrobial effect of the eye drops was in compliance with the requirements in the pharmacopoeia. Conclu-sion:The ethylparabenin concentration in the eye drops is higher than necessary. Boric acid and borax not only can adjust pH, but also show antimicrobial effect.

With the deepening of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the method of quantification and standardization of TCM (i.e., quantitative characterization of TCM) has been more and more widely accepted by researchers. Chemometrics processes complicated data of TCM through applied mathematics, statistics and com-puter technology. And multivariable study was introduced into the quantitative characterization of TCM with great achievements. This article reviewed existed problems of quantitative characterization in TCM, the principles, char-acteristics, limitations, commonly used statistical methods and application conditions on quantitative characteriza-tion of TCM. With this review, a reference for further study of quantitative characterization of TCM was provided and a further research idea of combination with main methods of chemometrics was given.

Objective To analyze the correlations between pediatric intersive cave unit (PICU) nurses′job satisfaction and their perception of job characteristics. Method One hundred and thirty-six PICU nurses from a women and children′s hospital of Guangzhou participated in the study and the job diagnostic survey (JDS) and Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire short-form (MSQ20) were used to investigate the relationship between the job characteristics and job satisfaction. Results The average score on general satisfaction was (3.57 ± 0.41). The dimensions like skill variety, task integrity, feedback from job and feedback from others, had a significant positive impact on general satisfaction (all P<0.05). Conclusion Nurses generally have a relatively middle level of job satisfaction and measures should be taken to improve their job satisfaction as well as the quality of nursing.

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics of tuberous sclerosis(TSC)without nervous system abnormalities in infants. Methods Clinical manifestations of 12 infants with TSC were analyzed. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM)was performed in 5 of the 12 infants. Two patients underwent histopathological examination and electron microscopic examination. Results The age at first clinic visit for TSC ranged from 2 to 18 months (median, 8.6 months)among these patients. Before occurrence of nervous symptom, TSC mainly manifested as hypomelanotic macules, nodules in the subependymal layer or walls of lateral ventricles of the brain, cardiac rhabdomyoma and multiple renal cysts. RCM revealed intact dermal papillary rings with low reflectivity and obscure boundaries in 5 infants. Histopathological examination showed a local decrease in melanocytes and pigment granules in basal cells. Electron microscopic examination showed a normal number of melanin granules in the cytoplasm of melanocytes in the basal layer. Conclusions Before appearance of nervous system abnormalities, TSC mainly manifests as hypomelanotic macules in infants, and is easily confused with vitiligo in clinic. RCM examination may serve as a useful method to distinguish infant TSC from hypopigmented diseases.

Objective:To investigate the content rationality of antimicrobial agent thimerosal in chloramphenicol eye drops. Meth-ods:Chloramphenicol eye drops with thimerosal at different concentrations were prepared, and the antimicrobial activity was studied. Results:When the test solution contained 0. 02 mg·ml-1 thimerosal, the antimicrobial activity could achieve the requirement in the pharmacopoeia. Conclusion:Thimerosal at different concentrations in the commercial chloramphenicol eye drops all can reach the anti-microbial effect. However, the thimerosal concentration in some eye drops is unreasonably high, which should be reduced.

Benzene ; toxicity ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure ; Thrombocytopenia ; chemically induced

As an indispensable part of minority traditional medicine, mineral medicine has used with less dosage and reliable efficacy for the last thousand years. Based on the unearthed relics and medical literatures of past dynasties, the history of Han nationality ap- years, which had been recorded in main literature. But there is less comprehensive report of its usage in the other 55-minority nationality. This article was based on the analysis of ethnic minority literature of thousands of years, and conducted a comprehensive collation and analysis of mineral medicine. It was mostly determined that there was 20 minority groups using mineral medicine, with a total of 163 species (limited our references), and the most used is the Tibetan, accounting for 141. The most serious problems of mineral medicine are that species should be further investigated and researched, and then become the legal commercial medicine, and the classification principles of mineral medicine should be established. Through the traditional processing and experimental studies, the problems of attenuation and detoxification should be solved.
China ; ethnology ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Minerals ; analysis ; pharmacology