Objective : To observe the clearance of smear layer on the root canal wall in different action time by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the optimal amount of time using sonically activated irrigation to wash root canal in clinic. Methods: Fifty-six ex vivo human anterior teeth with single straight root canal were selected. After routine mechanical preparation, they were divided into two experimental groups according to different irrigating agents: saline group and EDTA group. Each group was assisted by VDW sonic activation EDDY. The saline group was divided into three subgroups according to the irrigating time: 5 s, 30 s and 50 s; EDTA group was divided into six subgroups according to the irrigating time: 5 s, 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s and 50 s. The control group did not undergo root canal irrigation. After irrigation, the root was cut longitudinally. The smear layer of crown, middle and apical of root canal wall was observed by SEM. Results: After irrigating for 30 seconds, there was a significant difference between the normal saline group and the control group and the 5 second group (P<0.05), and there was no difference in the middle and apical part (P>0.05). After 50 seconds, there was a significant difference in the score of the smear layer between the apical area and the other groups (P<0.05). After irrigating for 5 seconds or 10 seconds in EDTA group, there was a significant difference between the scores of the crown and middle area of the root canal and the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the apical area (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the 20-40 second group and the first two groups (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the 50 second group and the other groups (P<0.05). Comparing the cleaning effect on the smear layer after 50 seconds of irrigating between the two experimental groups, the whole root canal showed significant statistical difference (P<0.05). Conclusion The EDTA-assisted sonic activated device used for 50 seconds has the best cleaning effect.

PICK1, a PDZ domain-containing protein, is known to increase the reuptake activities of dopamine transporters by increasing their expressions on the cell surface. Here, we report a direct and functional interaction between PICK1 and dopamine D₃ receptors (D₃R), which act as autoreceptors to negatively regulate dopaminergic neurons. PICK1 colocalized with both dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) and D₃R in clusters but exerted different functional influences on them. The cell surface expression, agonist affinity, endocytosis, and signaling of D₂R were unaffected by the coexpression of PICK1. On the other hand, the surface expression and tolerance of D₃R were inhibited by the coexpression of PICK1. These findings show that PICK1 exerts multiple effects on D₃R functions.
Autoreceptors ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine* ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Endocytosis ; Hand

Desensitization and acute tolerance are terms used to describe the attenuation of receptor responsiveness by prolonged or intermittent exposure to an agonist. Unlike desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which is commonly explained by steric hindrance caused by the β-arrestins that are translocated to the activated receptors, molecular mechanisms involved in the acute tolerance of GPCRs remain unclear. Our studies with several GPCRs and related mutants showed that the acute tolerance of GPCRs could occur independently of agonist-induced β-arrestin translocation. A series of co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a correlation between receptor tolerance and interactions among receptors, β-arrestin2, and Gβγ. Gβγ displayed a stable interaction with receptors and β-arrestin2 in cells expressing GPCRs that were prone to undergo tolerance compared to the GPCRs that were resistant to acute tolerance. Strengthening the interaction between Gβγ and β-arrestin rendered the GPCRs to acquire the tendency of acute tolerance. Overall, stable interaction between the receptor and Gβγ complex is required for the formation of a complex with β-arrestin, and determines the potential of a particular GPCR to undergo acute tolerance. Rather than turning off the signal, β-arrestins seem to contribute on continuous signaling when they are in the context of complex with receptor and Gβγ.
Immunoprecipitation ; Receptors, Dopamine D3

Objective: To explore the key points of clinical diagnosis and treatment of three mesiobuccal root canals. Methods: In the procedure of endodontic therapy for the upper left second molar with pulpitis, through root canal exploration under a dental microscope and cone beam CT (CBCT)-assisted imaging examination, it was confirmed that the left upper second molar contained 3 roots and 5 root canals, among which the third root canal existed in the mesiobuccal root. Combined with perfect root canal preparation, cleaning, disinfection, filling and minimally invasive inlay repair, the clinical symptoms were eliminated. The patients were followed up and the related literatures were reviewed. Results : One- and two-year follow-ups showed that the tooth had no discomfort and could be used normally. X-ray revealed that the filling was complete, and the periapical tissue was normal. The results of the literature review showed that the incidence of three mesiobuccal root canals in maxillary second molars was 0.11%-4.2%. It is difficult to find additional root canals only by X-ray imaging. Dentists should further determine the number and anatomical shape of root canals by CBCT and operating microscopy. When there are three mesiobuccal root canals in maxillary molars, dentists should avoid overpreparation. Healthy tooth tissue is the key to good prognosis. Conclusion During root canal therapy, clinicians should consider the anatomical variation of the root canal, should always be alert to the existence of an extra root canal, and should use CBCT, operating microscopy, ultrasound and various auxiliary instruments to locate and treat the variant root canal.