*Blood Coagulation Tests ; *Hemophilia A ; *Child

Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; World Health Organization

Individuals deal with dying and death differently and may not experience the same journey. We investigated Kübler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief on terminally ill patients to review the current applicability of the model among this population. The aims of this paper is to share information regarding the Five Stages of Grief, the emotions associated with the stages, and the challenges that terminally ill patients, namely those diagnosed with cancer, experience. Methods: Non-structured interviews were conducted among terminally ill patients located at the palliative ward for two years. Results: We found that terminally ill patients at the palliative ward were undergoing the Five Stages of Grief, and that the emotions associated with the stages were reported to be similar to the emotions proposed in the model and among the patients. Conclusion: Kübler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief is still applicable among terminally ill patients. The thoughts regarding dying and death still remain negative, therefore, the change in the myths of dying and death are required to help improve the journey towards death.

We report an apparently benign familial 9p subtelomere deletion identified using chromosome-arm-specific subtelomere probes in a patient with multiple congenital anomalies. Our experience demonstrated that the discovery of a subtelomeric deletion and/or duplication does not always guarantee the identification of the etiology for the patient's phenotype and a positive finding with subtelomere probes should always be followed by parental study with the same probe in order to distinguish a disease causing alteration from a benign familial polymorphism.

OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for content determination of total flavonoids from Combretum alfrdii， and to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. METHODS： Using aluminium trichloride as， chromogenic agent， UV spectrum was adopted to determine the content of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. Based on single factor test， ethanol volume fraction， material-liquid ratio， extraction time， extraction temperature and times were selected as investigation factors， and the content of total flavonoids was selected as response value， Plackett-Burman design was used to screen the factors that had significant influence on the content of total flavonoidsfrom C. alfrdii. Then steepest climbing test was adopted to confirm the optimum valuing range； the extraction technology of total flavonoids was optimized by Box-Behnken response methodology. RESULTS： The linear range of total flavonoids were 0.012-0.036 mg/mL （r＝0.999 9）； RSDs of precision， stability and repeatability tests were less than 3％； the recovery ranged from 92.98％ to 99.86％ （RSD＝2.71％， n＝6）. The optimal extraction technology included that 60％ ethanol， material-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 34 （g/mL）， extracting for 3 times， lasting for 60 min， extraction temperature of 80 ℃. Under this technology， average content of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii was 2.71％ （RSD＝1.69％， n＝6）， and the relative error was 2.65％ compared with predicted value of the model （2.64％）. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is stable and reproducible， and can be used for content determination of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. The optimized extraction method is stable and feasible.

Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic larval cestode disease usually caused by Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis. Infection is chronic taking years for symptoms to develop. Because diagnosis and treatment are difficult and reservoirs of infection are maintained in domestic livestock, dogs or wildlife, the disease is difficult to assess in terms of public health and requires long-term control interventions. Estimates of numbers of cystic echinococcosis cases that may occur in 2 large endemic zones, North Africa⁄Middle East and China⁄Central Asia, indicates > 423,000 and > 484,000 cases respectively. Globally, 3.6 million DALYs could be lost due to echinoccocosis. Echinococcosis is therefore a neglected disease which is under-reported and requires urgent attention in common with a number of other zoonoses in order to reduce morbidity and to help alleviate poverty in poor pastoral areas of the sub-tropics and temperate zones

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), as a sophisticated imaging tool with nanoscale resolution, is widely used in virus research and the application of functional viral particles. To investigate single viruses by AFM in a physiologically relevant environment (liquid), an appropriate surface treatment to properly adhere the viruses to the substrate is essential. Here we discuss hydrophobic treated glass coverslips as a suitable substrate for the adhesion of single adenovirus particle (Adenovirus type 5 F35, Ad5F35) when studied with AFM in liquid. From the high resolution AFM images, the orientation of the adhered virus particles can be distinguished. Furthermore, the particles exhibit the expected height of -90 nm. This illustrates that the viruses adhere to the substrate firmly without large deformations. Hence, the described method works well on (fragile) viruses. The described experimental approach can be widely used for AFM studies in liquid of virus structure and mechanics as well as for investigating the interaction of viruses with cellular receptors.
Adenoviridae ; chemistry ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; methods ; Virion ; chemistry

AIM:To describe our clinical experience in treating circumscribed choroidal haemangioma(CCH)in a tertiary referral centre over a fifteen year period prior to photodynamic therapy.METHODS:The departmental database and photographic records of a tertiary referral center were used to identify patients who were treated for CCH between 1992 and 2007.Their case records were reviewed.RESULTS:Visual acuity improved(＞2 Snellen lines)in eleven patients(69%)remained stable in one patient (6%)and deteriorated in four patients(25%).Six of the seven treated with brachytherapy and three of the four treated with transpupillary thermotherapy achieved better visual acuity after treatment.86% of patients treated within six months of onset of symptoms and 50% of patients treated after six months of onset of symptoms noted an improvement in visual acuity.Only one patient in our series had a final VA of 6/60 or worse.Mean follow-up was thirty-five months.CONCLUSION:Visual outcome is better when treatment is performed within 6 months of symptoms.The majority of patients achieved an improvement in visual acuity without any adverse effect following treatment.