Bile ; analysis ; Calcium Carbonate ; metabolism ; Gallbladder Diseases ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Middle Aged

Assessment: Cognition ; Chronic cough

We report a case of a diabetic patient with an infected leg wound leading to septicemia and abscess formation in the contra-lateral leg due to Streptococcus canis. This organism belongs to the Lancefield group G and is more commonly found in dogs. It is often mistaken for Streptococcus dysgalactiae which is a human strain of streptococci. Infections in humans are not common and usually involve infected wounds or ulcers and the surrounding soft tissue. In most reported cases, patients had close contact with domestic dogs and a pre-existing wound as a portal of entry. Our patient recovered after surgical debridement and drainage of abscess together with antibiotics. This organism is sensitive to common antibiotics like penicillin, amoxycillin, cephalosporins and erythromycin. The incidence of infections due to Streptococcus canis may be under-reported as laboratories may just report an isolate as group G streptococcus. Susceptible patients with wounds or ulcers should be counselled on proper wound care and advised to avoid or minimise contact with the family dog.
Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus

Computerised data of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15 to 25 (mean 17.75) years who underwent compulsory medical examination from April 1987 to January 1992 was used to estimate the prevalence of myopia among young Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian Singaporean males. The prevalence of myopia amongst the different racial groups was compared after they had been matched for important known confounding factors such as age, sex, educational attainment and degree of urbanization of place of residence. The estimated myopia prevalence was 48.5% in Chinese, 34.7% in Eurasians, 30.4% in Indians and 24.5% in Malays. The overall myopia prevalence rate for all races combined was 44.2%. Within each educational group, the Chinese generally had the highest myopia prevalence whilst the Malays generally had the lowest. Myopia prevalence among the Indians tended to be between that of the Chinese and the Malays. Having matched the various racial groups for age, sex, educational attainment and degree of residential urbanization, it would appear that racial and cultural differences are major influences responsible for the difference in myopia prevalence observed amongst the different races.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Asia ; ethnology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Europe ; ethnology ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia ; ethnology ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology

Computerised data of 110,236 Singaporean males aged 15 to 25 (mean 17.75) years who underwent compulsory medical examination from April 1987 to January 1992 were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of myopia among young Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian Singaporean males with different educational levels. The prevalence and severity of myopia amongst the groups with different educational levels were compared. These groups were fairly well-matched for important known confounding factors such as age, sex, race and degree of urbanisation of place of residence. Our data showed a positive association between educational attainment and both the prevalence and severity of myopia. Both the prevalence of myopia and the proportion of myopes with severe myopia were in general higher among those with more years of formal education.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; ethnology ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Educational Status ; Humans ; India ; ethnology ; Malaysia ; ethnology ; Male ; Myopia ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Refraction, Ocular ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Visual Acuity

INTRODUCTIONThis study aims to review the results of hearing screens in newborns with cleft deformities.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective audit of 123 newborns with cleft deformities, born between 1 April 2002 and 1 December 2008, was conducted. Data on the results of universal newborn hearing screens (UNHS) and high-risk hearing screens, age at diagnosis, severity/type of hearing loss and mode of intervention were obtained from a prospectively maintained hearing database.

RESULTSThirty-one of 123 newborns (25.2%) failed the first automated auditory brainstem response (AABR). Seventy percent of infants (56 out of 80) who passed the UNHS failed the high-risk hearing screens which was conducted at 3 to 6 months of age. Otolaryngology referral rate was 67.5% (83/123); 90.3% of 31 newborns who failed the first AABR eventually required otolaryngology referrals. Incidence of hearing loss was 24.4% (30/123; 25 conductive, 2 mixed and 3 sensorineural), significantly higher than the hospital incidence of 0.3% (OR: 124.9, 95% CI, 81.1 to 192.4, P <0.01). In terms of severity, 8 were mild, 15 moderate, 5 severe, 2 profound. Eighteen out of 30 infants (60%) were detected from the high-risk hearing screens after passing the first AABR.

CONCLUSIONThese newborns had a higher risk of failing the UNHS and high-risk hearing screen. There was a higher incidence of hearing loss which was mainly conductive. Failure of the first AABR was an accurate predictor of an eventual otolaryngology referral, suggesting that a second AABR may be unnecessary. High-risk hearing screens helped to identify hearing loss which might have been missed out early on in life or which might have evolved later in infancy.

Cleft Lip ; complications ; Cleft Palate ; complications ; Hearing Loss ; complications ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatal Screening ; Retrospective Studies

Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a debilitating condition of the elderly. The patient is typically "wet, wobbly and wonky", to different degrees of the triad. The diagnosis is supported by the radiologic finding of dilated ventricles, determined by an elevated Evan's Index (EI) without a demonstrable cause. Patients with newly diagnosed NPH typically respond to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (VPS). NPH-related dementia is possibly the only surgically reversible dementia. An elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fl ow rate (FR) is associated with a positive response to shunting. However, post-shunting EI and FRs are unpredictable. Of late, intracranial apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) quantification via Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) has been emerging as a possible marker in NPH diagnosis. A local study, conducted on a national level, to study the relationship of EI, FR and ADC to pre- and post-shunt clinical measurements has just ended. This review seeks to reconcile the current thinking of NPH, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantification and clinical evaluation, and in the process shed some light on major pathophysiological determinants of the disease.
Biomarkers ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; physiology ; secretion ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure ; diagnosis ; physiopathology

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The epidemiology of CKD secondary to type 2 DM (T2DM) (i.e. diabetic nephropathy (DN)) has not been well studied in Singapore, a multi-ethnic Asian population. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD in adult patients with T2DM.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe conducted a cross-sectional study on patients (n = 1861) aged 21 to 89 years with T2DM who had attended the DM centre of a single acute care public hospital or a primary care polyclinic between August 2011 and November 2013. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from patients using a standard questionnaire. Spot urine and fasting blood samples were sent to an accredited hospital laboratory for urinary albumin, serum creatinine, HbA1c and lipid measurement. CKD was defined and classified using the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines and classification.

RESULTSThe distribution by risk of adverse CKD outcomes was: low risk, 47%; moderate risk, 27.2%; high risk, 12.8%; and very high risk, 13%. The prevalence of CKD in patients with T2DM was 53%. Variables significantly associated with CKD include neuropathy, blood pressure ≥140/80 mmHg, triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol, body mass index, duration of diabetes, HbA1c ≥8%, age, cardiovascular disease, and proliferative retinopathy.

CONCLUSIONCKD was highly prevalent among patients with T2DM in Singapore. Several risk factors for CKD are well recognised and amenable to intervention. Routine rigorous screening for DN and enhanced programme for global risk factors reduction will be critical to stem the tide of DN.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Risk Factors ; Singapore

Adult ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; therapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; methods ; Enbucrilate ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; blood supply ; Male ; Middle Aged

Bacterial Infections ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis* ; Mucormycosis/diagnosis* ; Respiratory Sounds ; Thyroid Gland