With recent progress in treatment modalities, mortality from upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding has decreased appreciably. The aim of this study was to establish how UGI bleeds are managed in Korean patients with cirrhosis and to evaluate treatment outcomes. A total of 479 episodes of acute UGI bleeding in 464 patients with cirrhosis were included during a six-month period at nine tertiary medical centers. Treatment outcomes were assessed by failure to control bleeding, rebleeding and mortality. The source of bleeding was esophagogastric varices in 77.7% of patients, nonvariceal lesions in 15.9%, and undefined in 6.5%. For control of bleeding, endoscopic and pharmacologic treatments were used in 74.7% and 81.9% of patients, respectively. Variceal ligation was a major technique for endoscopic treatment (90%), and terlipressin and somatostatin were the main pharmacologic agents used (96.4%). Initial hemostasis was achieved in 86.8% of cases, but rebleeding occurred in 3.8% and 16.8% of cases within five days and six weeks of hemorrhage, respectively. Five-day and six-week mortality were 11.3% and 25.9%, respectively. Survival of patients with variceal bleeding seems to be remarkably improved than previous reports, which may suggest the advances in hemostatic methods for control of variceal hemorrhage..
Adult ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/mortality/*therapy ; Hemostatic Techniques ; Humans ; Infection/epidemiology ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Lysine Vasopressin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Terlipressin and octreotide had been used to control acute variceal bleeding and to prevent early rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis. We compared the efficacy and safety of terlipressin and octreotide combined with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) for the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding and we evaluated their clinical significance as related to rebleeding. METHODS: The eighty eight cirrhotic patients were randomized to the terlipressin group (n=43; 2 mg i.v. initially and 1 mg i.v. at every 4 hours for 3 days) or the octreotide group (n=45; continuous infusion of 25 microgram/h for 5 days) combined with EVL for the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. RESULTS: The initial hemostasis rates were 98% (42/43 cases) in the terlipressin group and 96% (43/45 cases) in the octreotide group. The 5-day and 42-day rebleeding rates were 12% (5/43 cases) and 28% (12/43 cases), respectively, in the terlipressin group and 9% (4/45 cases) and 24% (11/45 cases), respectively, in the octreotide group. No significant difference was demonstrated between the terlipressin and octreotide groups. The mortality at 42 days was similar in both group, but a high mortality rate (48%) was shown to be related to 42-day rebleeding. The risk factors related to 42-day rebleeding were Child-Pugh class C (aOR=30.2, 95% CI=7.7-117.9), ascites above grade II (aOR=6.6, 95% CI=2.2-19.2) and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aOR=4.6, 95% CI=1.1-18.9). CONCLUSIONS: Comparing terlipressin and octreotide combined with EVL showed them to be equally safe and effective therapeutic agents in patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. The high risk factors related to early rebleeding were poor liver function and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; Lysine Vasopressin/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Octreotide/*therapeutic use ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/*therapeutic use

Hepatorenal syndrome is a severe complication of cirrhosis, leading to death in more than 90% of cases in the absence of liver transplantation. Several treatments have been attempted as a bridge to liver transplantation. Among such treatments, terlipressin is a nonselective V1 vasopressin agonist. When comparing with ornipressin, it is known to have a similar vasoconstricting potency, but much less ischemic complication. We report a case of gangrene on toes and necrosis on the infusion site of left hand which developed after the use of terlipressin due to hepatorenal syndrome in a 41-year-old-man with liver cirrhosis. Ischemic complication of terlipressin is rare and there has been no case report in Korea. Although it is rare, we must pay attention to the peripheral ischemic complication of terlipressin.
Adult ; Hand/*blood supply ; Hepatorenal Syndrome/drug therapy ; Humans ; Ischemia/*chemically induced ; Lysine Vasopressin/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Male ; Toes/*blood supply ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use

Terlipressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, which has been used in the treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage. In contrast to vasopressin, terlipressin can be administered as intermittent injections instead of continuous intravenous infusion. Thus, it has a less adverse reaction than vasopressin. We report a case of ischemic skin complication in a cirrhotic patient treated with terlipressin. A 71-year-old man with liver cirrhosis was admitted because of hematemesis and melena. He was commenced on terlipressin at a dose 1 mg every 6 hours for the treatment of varicieal bleeding. After 36 hours of treatment, skin blistering and ecchymosis was noted on the skin of his upper thigh, scrotal area and trunk. We found that terlipressin was a possible cause of ischemic skin complication based on the skin biopsy finding. Terlipressin may induce a complication of the ischemic event. In spite of rarity, special attention needs to paid on the peripheral ischemic complication of terlipressin.
Aged ; Fatal Outcome ; Hematemesis/diagnosis ; Hemorrhage/drug therapy ; Humans ; Ischemia/*chemically induced/*pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Lysine Vasopressin/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Male ; Melena/diagnosis ; Necrosis ; Skin/*blood supply/drug effects/*pathology ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Terlipressin and somatostatin decrease portal venous pressure and they are used for the treatment of variceal bleeding. However, only a few studies have compared the efficacy of these drugs in combination with other procedures for hemostasis. Therefore, we performed a prospective study to compare the efficacy of terlipressin and somatostatin for controlling acute variceal bleeding when used in combination with other procedures for hemostasis. METHODS: A total of 98 patients, who presented with variceal bleeding from September 2003 to May 2005, were randomly divided into the somatostatin group or terlipressin group. We compared the 5-day failure rate (defined as failure to control bleeding, rebleeding or death within 5 days of admission) and the 6-week mortality. The prognostic factors for 5-day failure and 6-week mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS: There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The overall 5-day failure rate and the cumulative 6-week mortality were 16.3% and 15.8%, respectively. The five-day failure rate and the cumulative 6-week mortality were not significantly different between the somatostatin and terlipressin groups. Hepatocellular carcinoma, the baseline serum creatinine level and endoscopic treatment for hemostasis were the significant predictors of 5-day failure; the baseline serum creatinine level was the predictor of 6-week mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Both somatostatin and terlipressin were effective and showed comparable efficacy for the control of the acute variceal bleeding in the setting of a combined therapeutic approach. The baseline serum creatinine level may be a significant predictor for patient failure at 5 days and the 6-week mortality.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/complications/*drug therapy ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/complications/*drug therapy ; Hemorrhage/complications/drug therapy ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; Humans ; Liver/*blood supply ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Liver Diseases/drug therapy ; Liver Neoplasms/complications ; Lysine Vasopressin/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Somatostatin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Varicose Veins/complications/drug therapy ; Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use