BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) directs class switch recombination (CSR) to IgA isotype, which is a predominant antibody in mucosal surfaces. Although IgA is preferentially committed in mucosal lymphoid tissues, it is not definitely established whether hallmarks of IgA CSR such as IgA germ-line transcripts (GLTalpha), post-switch transcripts (PSTalpha) and circle transcripts (CTalpha) are readily expressed in such tissues. Therefore, we compared the expression of these transcripts among mouse Peyer's patches (PP), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen. METHODS: Levels of GLTs, PSTs and CTs were measured by RT-PCR in isolated PPs, MLNs and spleen cells. RESULTS: GLTalpha and PSTalpha were well expressed in PP and MLN cells but in spleen cells. Similar patterns were observed in the expression of GLgamma2b and PSTgamma2b. On the other hand, these transcripts were only inducible in spleen cells upon stimulated with LPS and TGF-beta1. In addition, CTalpha and CTgamma2b were detected in PP cells. CONCLUSION: PP B cells readily express IgA GLT, PST, and CT. Overall expression patterns of these transcripts were similar in MLN cells. Thus, these results suggest that microenvironment of PP and MLN influences spontaneous IgA CSR, which lacks in systemic lymphoid tissues such as spleen.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Hand ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoid Tissue* ; Mice* ; Peyer's Patches ; Recombination, Genetic ; Spleen ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Lymphoid polyp is a rare disease in the colorectal area. It occurs commonly in the rectum. It is a nonepithelial benign tumor. Because of the benignancy of its nature, it has other names as well, such as benign lymphoma or rectal tonsil. A lymphoid polyp can be differentiated from a malignant lymphoma by the proliferation of normal lymphoid tissue which has a prominent follicular pattern and a clearly defined germinal center. A lymphoid polyp can regress spontaneousely without any treatment. There is no recurrence or malignant transformation. Recently, the authors experienced a case of lymphoid polyp in the rectum. We report a case of lymphoid polyp in the rectum diagnosed by piecemeal polypectomy.
Germinal Center ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Palatine Tonsil ; Polyps* ; Rare Diseases ; Rectum* ; Recurrence

Lymphoid polyp is a rare disease in the colorectal area. It occurs commonly in the rectum. It is a nonepithelial benign tumor. Because of the benignancy of its nature, it has other names as well, such as benign lymphoma or rectal tonsil. A lymphoid polyp can be differentiated from a malignant lymphoma by the proliferation of normal lymphoid tissue which has a prominent follicular pattern and a clearly defined germinal center. A lymphoid polyp can regress spontaneousely without any treatment. There is no recurrence or malignant transformation. Recently, the authors experienced a case of lymphoid polyp in the rectum. We report a case of lymphoid polyp in the rectum diagnosed by piecemeal polypectomy.
Germinal Center ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Palatine Tonsil ; Polyps* ; Rare Diseases ; Rectum* ; Recurrence

The purpose of the following experiments was to determine the in vivo properties on immunologic specificity and duration of action of anti-dog lymphocyte rabbit serum (ADLRS) prepared against dog lymphocyte. Twenty adult mongrel dogs having average body weight of 10kg. were used in this experiments, being divided into control (10 dogs) and experimental group (10 dogs) for the comparison of the results Experimental group: O.7 cc/kg. of ADLRS was injected into the both gluteal region with intervals of 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. Control group: 10 cc of normal rabbit serum(NRS) was injected into the both gluteal region with same intervals as experimental group. Peripheral blood findings and bone marrow pictures were compared with the results of pre. and post-injection of ADLRS and NRS, and histopathological studies were investigated The following results were obtained. 1. The total REC and WBC counts remained within normal limits; however, the mean decrease percentages of the peripheral lymphocyte in the experimental group were 32.9%, 45.8N, 51.3%, 48.4% and 32.8% respectively. On the other hand, the decrease of the lymphocyte in the control group was quite meager. 2. No significant changes in bone marrow pictures were noted in both groups. 3. Histopathologically, the specific alterations of lymphoid tissues accompanying delayed-type immune depression consisted of an early selective depletion of small lymphocytes from the thymus-dependent areas of spleen follicles, lymph nodes, thymus and other lymphoid tissues. 4. The small lymphocyte depleted-areas were partially replaced by large pyroninophilic cells. 5. Plasmacytoid hyperplasia and germinal center development occurring afterwards, always outside thymus-dependent areas, were also observed in control dogs treated with normal rabbit serum. These results confirmed that the target cell of the ALS is thymus-dependent areas and supported the hypothesis.that two different population of lymphocyte exist within the lymphoid organs. 6. The thymus, which showed only occasionally and cellulartity, seemed to be also affected by ALS in later period. 7. ADLRS prepared by the author reached its peak of action during the period of 24 to 48 assumed that the immunosuppressive response will return to normal possibly in 7~10 days after injection.
Adult ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Bone Marrow ; Buttocks ; Depression ; Dogs ; Germinal Center ; Hand ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes* ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spleen ; Thymus Gland

The rectal tonsil is a rare polypoid lesion exclusively found in the rectum and is considered a reactive proliferation of the lymphoid tissue. Although this lesion is benign, we recommend that it should be differentiated from carcinoid or polypoid type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, based on gross findings. In this case report, we describe a case of rectal lesions with a unique appearance in a 41-year-old man. Colonoscopy revealed two 5-mm-sized nodules located opposite from each other on the left and right sides of the lower rectum. Endoscopic mucosal resection was conducted. Histopathologically, both lesions were mainly located in the submucosa and consisted of prominent lymphoid follicles with germinal centers of various sizes. No immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was seen in the germinal centers. Immunohistochemical staining for kappa and lambda light chains revealed a polyclonal pattern. Therefore, these lesions were diagnosed as rectal tonsils.
Adult ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Colonoscopy ; Germinal Center ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone* ; Palatine Tonsil* ; Rectum ; Twins*

The pseudolymphoma of the skin has the architectural and cytological features of a neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid tissue but pursue a benign course. Cutaneous B cell pseudolymphoma (CBPL) shares many histopathologic and clinical features with cutaneous B cell lymphoma (CBCL). Therefore, the differentiation between CBPL and CBCL is often very difficult, but it is important because each of them has a different therapeutic consequence. Recently, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement is considered as a reliable technique for differentiation of CBPL with CBCL. We herein report a case of idiopathic lymphocytoma cuffs, showing a typical nodular infiltrate of lymphocytes that formed a follicular germinal center resembling reactive lymph nodes with numerous tingible bodies, and that revealed a polyclonality in the immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.
Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Germinal Center ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Pseudolymphoma* ; Skin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the major pathogenetic factors in the development of various gastric diseases, its mode of transmission is not yet fully understood. Because palatine tonsils and adenoids are composed of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which is also observed in H. pylori-related gastritis, these tissues may be considered to be an extragastric reservoir for H. pylori infection. In the present study, we investigated whether H. pylori colonization in adenoid and tonsillar tissue was associated with gastric infection. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: This study included 38 patients aged 6 to 35 who had undergone adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. Urea breath test (UBT) was performed on each patient prior to surgery. Tonsil and adenoid tissue samples were placed in Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test kit immediately after their removal. And Giemsa stain was used for histologic localization of H. pylori. RESULTS: Eleven (28.9%) of the 38 patients were H. pylori-positive on UBT, eight (21.1%) were positive on CLO test, and seven (18.4%) were positive on histologic study. In either CLO test or histologic study, 12 patients were H. pylori-positive. H. pylori-positive rate on UBT was higher significantly in group with H. pylori-positive tonsil tissues than in group with H. pylori-negative ones. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that palatine tonsils may either be an extragastric reservoir for H. pylori, or a transmission route for H. pylori infection. Thus, H. pylori colonization in adenoid and tonsil tissue may be associated with H. pylori-related gastric diseases.
Adenoids* ; Azure Stains ; Breath Tests ; Colon ; Gastritis ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Palatine Tonsil* ; Stomach Diseases ; Tonsillectomy ; Urea

Typhoid fever, the most serious human salmonellosis, is a systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and is characterized by prolonged fever, bacteremia, and multiplication of the organism within mononuclear phagocytic cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. The characteristic lesion of typhoid fever is an ulceration of the small intestinal lymphoid tissue, particularly the Peyer's patches. The usual histological findings of typhoid ulcer are necrosis and histiocytic proliferation that phagocytizes erythrocytes and degenerated lymphocytes. A granuloma is an unusual histopathological presentation of a typhoid lesion. Even if granulomas have been reported in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen in cases of typhoid fever, granulomas in primary ulcers of the ileum and transverse colon have been reported very rarely. We experienced a case of typhoid fever in which ill-defined granulomas were seen in ulcers of the terminal ileum and transverse colon.
Bacteremia ; Bone Marrow ; Colon, Transverse ; Communicable Diseases ; Erythrocytes ; Fever ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Ileum ; Liver ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Necrosis ; Peyer's Patches ; Phagocytes ; Salmonella Infections ; Salmonella typhi ; Spleen ; Typhoid Fever ; Ulcer

In situ follicular lymphoma is a newly defined entity among the lymphoid neoplasms and is defined as architecturally normal-appearing lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues that have one or more follicles that demonstrate bcl-2 overexpressing centrocytes and centroblasts, with or without a monomorphic cytologic appearance suggestive of follicular lymphoma. Here we present a case of in situ follicular lymphoma diagnosed during the follow-up after a complete response to the treatment of lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. In our case, because only a few germinal centers contained bcl-2 overexpressing cells, we missed the diagnosis of in situ follicular lymphoma in the initial histological examination. We could establish the diagnosis only after performing bcl-2 immunostaining in the sequential biopsy. Therefore, we recommend that careful histological examination along with bcl-2 immunostaining is needed in patients with suspicious clinical findings.
Biopsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Germinal Center ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, Follicular ; Precancerous Conditions

Syntenin is an adaptor molecule containing 2 PDZ domains which mediate molecular interactions with diverse integral or cytoplasmic proteins. Most of the results on the biological function of syntenin were obtained from studies with malignant cells, necessitating exploration into the role of syntenin in normal cells. To understand its role in normal cells, we investigated expression and function of syntenin in human lymphoid tissue and cells in situ and in vitro. Syntenin expression was denser in the germinal center than in the extrafollicular area. Inside the germinal center, syntenin expression was obvious in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Flow cytometric analysis with isolated cells confirmed a weak expression of syntenin in T and B cells and a strong expression in FDCs. In FDC-like cells, HK cells, most syntenin proteins were found in the cytoplasm compared to weak expression in the nucleus. To study the function of syntenin in FDC, we examined its role in the focal adhesion of HK cells by depleting syntenin by siRNA technology. Knockdown of syntenin markedly impaired focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in HK cells. These results suggest that syntenin may play an important role in normal physiology as well as in cancer pathology.
B-Lymphocytes ; Cytoplasm ; Dendritic Cells, Follicular* ; Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases* ; Focal Adhesions* ; Germinal Center ; Humans* ; Lymphoid Tissue ; PDZ Domains ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Syntenins*