In this study, apoptosis was induced by new type gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV) in experimentally infected goslings is reported in detail for the first time. After 3-day-old goslings were orally inoculated with a NGVEV-CN strain suspension, the time course of NGVEV effects on apoptotic morphological changes of the internal tissues was evaluated. These changes were observed by histological analysis with light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis with transmission electron microscopy. DNA fragmentation was assessed with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and DNA ladder analysis. A series of characteristic apoptotic morphological changes including chromatin condensation and margination, cytoplasmic shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies were noted. Apoptosis was readily observed in the lymphoid and gastrointestinal organs, and sporadically occurred in other organs after 3 days post-infection (PI). The presence and quantity of TUNEL-positive cells increased with infection time until 9 days PI. DNA extracted from the NGVEV-infected gosling cells displayed characteristic 180~200 bp ladders. Apoptotic cells were ubiquitously distributed, especially among lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, and epithelial and intestinal cells. Necrosis was subsequently detected during the late NGVEV-infection phase, which was characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane collapse, and rapidly lysis. Our results suggested that apoptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of NGVE disease.
*Adenoviridae/classification/pathogenicity ; Adenoviridae Infections/pathology/*veterinary/virology ; Animals ; *Anseriformes ; *Apoptosis ; Bird Diseases/*virology ; DNA Fragmentation ; Enteritis/*veterinary/virology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/virology ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Intestines/cytology/virology ; Leukocytes/cytology/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/virology ; Macrophages ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA load in sera and tissues during acute phase of infection was evaluated using a PCR- based quantitative assay. More than 80% of infected pigs (21/25) showed the peak level of viral RNA concentrations in serum (up to 8.6 x 108 copies/ml) at day 5 postinfection (PI), and started to clear the virus from the systemic circulation thereafter. Regression analysis using the viral RNA concentrations in sera obtained from days 5 to 14 PI showed that the viral RNA was cleared at the rate of 0.37 log reduction in the number of PRRSV RNA copies per day. It was estimated to be day 27 PI when the viral RNA in the serum of infected pigs becomes undetectable. When correlation analysis was performed between the systemic clearance rate and viral RNA concentrations in tissues of 9 infected pigs obtained at day 14 PI, moderately strong negative correlation was observed in the thymus (r = - 0.62) and brain stem (r = - 0.48), suggesting the capability of host animal to clear PRRSV from the systemic circulation appears to be related to the viral activity in the thymus and brain stem.
Animals ; Brain Stem/virology ; Eye/virology ; Female ; Logistic Models ; Lymphoid Tissue/virology ; Male ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/blood/*virology ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; RNA, Viral/*analysis ; Reference Standards ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Swine/*virology ; Time Factors ; *Viral Load ; Viremia/veterinary/virology

A high incidence of a T cell phenotype of sinonasal lymphomas in other Asian countries has been associated with a high incidence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection. We analyzed 13 sinonasal and 18 Waldeyer's ring lymphomas for the prevalence of EBV encoded RNA (EBER) using a sensitive and specific in situ hybridization. In addition, we examined the relationship of histologic findings and immunophenotype as well as the location of the lymphomas to the presence of EBV. The EBER was detected in each of 12 sinonasal lymphomas with a T cell immunophenotype. One B cell sinonasal lymphoma was EBER negative. Four of 18 Waldeyer's ring lymphomas were positive for EBER, including two T cell lymphomas. Two of 16 B cell Waldeyer's ring lymphomas were EBER positive. Morphologically, 11 of 20 diffuse large cell lymphomas, 2 diffuse mixed small and large cell lymphomas, 2 of 4 immunoblastic lymphomas and 1 lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma were EBER positive. Four follicular large cell lymphomas were EBER negative. A characteristic angiocentric or angiodestructive pattern was found in most T cell lymphomas and EBER positive cases. These findings indicate that EBV infection is more strongly associated with the T cell immunophenotype, angiocentric pattern and sinonasal location of the lymphoma.
Adult ; Aged ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Female ; Herpesviridae Infections/*virology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Human ; Immunophenotyping ; In Situ Hybridization ; Incidence ; Lymphoid Tissue/virology ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology/immunology/mortality/*virology ; Male ; Maxillary Neoplasms/epidemiology/immunology/mortality/*virology ; Middle Age ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology/immunology/mortality/*virology ; Nose Neoplasms/epidemiology/immunology/mortality/*virology ; Prevalence ; RNA, Viral/*analysis ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Survival Rate ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Tonsillar Neoplasms/epidemiology/immunology/mortality/*virology ; Tumor Virus Infections/*virology

Germanium biotite (GB) is an aluminosilicate mineral containing 36 ppm germanium. The present study was conducted to better understand the effects of GB on immune responses in a mouse model, and to demonstrate the clearance effects of this mineral against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in experimentally infected pigs as an initial step towards the development of a feed supplement that would promote immune activity and help prevent diseases. In the mouse model, dietary supplementation with GB enhanced concanavalin A (ConA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation and increased the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes. In pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV, viral titers in lungs and lymphoid tissues from the GB-fed group were significantly decreased compared to those of the control group 12 days post-infection. Corresponding histopathological analyses demonstrated that GB-fed pigs displayed less severe pathological changes associated with PRRSV infection compared to the control group, indicating that GB promotes PRRSV clearance. These antiviral effects in pigs may be related to the ability of GB to increase CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte production observed in the mice. Hence, this mineral may be an effective feed supplement for increasing immune activity and preventing disease.
Aluminum Silicates/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Antigens, CD3/metabolism ; Antigens, CD8/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Concanavalin A/metabolism ; Dietary Supplements/analysis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ferrous Compounds/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Germanium/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Lung/immunology/virology ; Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects ; Lymphocytes/cytology/drug effects ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology/virology ; Mice ; Mitogens/metabolism ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/*drug therapy/pathology/virology ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*drug effects ; Swine