Objective To investigate the effect of calcipotriol on melanin synthesis by human melanocytes and its possible action mechanism.Methods Primary melanocytes were cultured with various concentrations(10~(-5),10~(-6),10~(-7),10~(-8),10~(-9),10~(-10) mol/L)of calcipotriol for 24 or 48 hours.Subsequently,MTT assay,NaoH assay.Dopa-oxidase assay,Western blot and semiquantitative RT-PCR were used to measure the cell proliferation of,melanin synthesis by.tyrosinase activity,protein and mRNA expression levels in the melanocytes.respectively.Those untreated melanocytes served as the control.Results The calcipotriol between 10~(-9) and 10~(-5) mol/L had no significant effect on the proliferation of cultured melanocytes(P＞0.05).while that of 10~(-9) and 10~(-8) mol/L increased tyrosinase activity by 137%and 123%,and enhanced melanin synthesis by 40.63%and 18.75%,respectively,compamd with untreated melanocytes(both P＜0.05).Moreover,the tyrosinase protein level increased by 270.4%(P＜0.05)in melanocytes treated with calcipotriol at 10~(-9) mol/L for 24 hours.The strongest tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis was observed in melanocytes treated with calcipotriol of 10~(-9) moI/L.Conclusions The proliferation of melanocytes is unaffected by calcipotriol at 10~(-9) to 10~(-5) mol/L,but it can elevate the expression of tyrosinase protein,enhance tyrosinase activity,and promote melanin synthesis in melanocytes.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify the temporal associations between cervical cancer incidence and cervical cancer-related factors and to predict the number of new cervical cancer cases averted under counterfactual scenarios compared to the status quo scenario. METHODS: We described temporal trends in cervical cancer and associated factors globally from 1990 to 2019. We then used generalized linear mixed models to explore the impact of tobacco use, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, and cervical screening on cervical cancer incidence. A counterfactual analysis was performed to simulate the most effective scenario for reducing cervical cancer incidence. RESULTS: The worldwide incidence of cervical cancer showed a downward trend over the past 3 decades (estimated annual percentage change, -0.72%), although the incidence remained high (>30 cases per 100,000 persons) in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Higher smoking and STI prevalence showed significant direct associations with the incidence of cervical cancer, whereas HPV vaccination and screening coverage showed significant inverse associations. If the strategic goals for accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer and tobacco control programs had been achieved in 2019, the largest decrease in the number of new cervical cancer cases would have been observed, with 54,169 fewer new cases of cervical cancer in 2019. CONCLUSIONS Our counterfactual analysis found that a comprehensive intervention program emphasizing scaled-up cervical screening coverage (70%), HPV vaccination coverage (90%), and tobacco control (30% relative reduction) would be the most effective program for reducing cervical cancer incidence.

Objective To explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of human brucellosis in Shandong province and to provide scientific basis for the development of related regional public health strategies.Methods 1 802 diagnosed cases of human brucellosis patients were selected based on the data that was collected by Diseases Reporting Information System between year 2004 and 2012 in Shandong province.Methods on spatial thematic mapping,spatial autocorrelation analysis,spatial clustering analysis,and temporal clustering analysis were applied to describe the temporal and spatial distribution on human brucellosis cases.Results The incidence rate of human brucellosis increased from 0.038 2/100 000 (35 cases) to 0.620 5/100 000 (598 cases),with annual average incidence rate as 0.211 1/100 000 and the incidence was evidently increased.The value of M (0.375 3) showed that this disease was seasonal,with the epidemic months between March and June,accounting for 56.27％ (1 014/1 802).The Global Moran' s I index was 0.198 901 (P=0.000 120),showing that there was a positive correlation between space and the incidence of brucellosis.The incidence rates in 2006,2007,2009 and 2012 and the space distribution appeared a positive correlation (P＜0.05) in Shandong province.The local Moran's I index showed that there were 8 “High-High” (HH) clustering areas,which were proved to have statistical significance (P＜0.05).Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that southwest and north districts of Shandong were highly clustered districts of brucellosis and the areas paralleled to the areas that having higher incidence rates.There were two spatial clustering areas in this study,one as the center of Juanchen with radiation radius at 33.83 km whose RR was 9.78 (P＜0.05) and the other was the center of Binchen with radiation radius at 62.78 km with RR as 4.99 (P＜0.05).All the 8 HH counties (districts) were included in the two cluster regions.Conclusion Incidence of human brucellosis showed an obvious increase in Shandong during year 2004-2012.Months with epidemics were between March and June.The incidence of brucellosis in counties (districts) was non-randomly distributed.A positive spatial correlation and the feature of clusters was noticed.

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is the second cause of chronic kidney disease in children. The SRNS has high risk of rapid progression to end-stage renal disease. With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technology, more than 70 monogenic mutation having the Mendelian inheritance patterns are identified to be associated with SRNS. Most of these genes are involved in podocyte function. Accurate diagnosis of monogenic mutation in SRNS patients helps with guiding clinical treatment protocols and genetic counseling, avoiding the excessive use of steroids/immunosuppressive therapy, and opening up possibilities for targeted therapies in SRNS patients. In this article, our research team summarizes and generalizes the molecular mechanisms, genetic testing, and specific treatment for the major types of monogenic mutations associated with SRNS.