Infantile spasms(IS) is the prevalent epilepsy syndrome in infancy, characterized by an early age of onset, distinctive seizure type, hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography, and psychomotor retardation.Despite the fact that medication therapy is the primary treatment for IS, there are still some children with IS who are resistant to drug therapy, which is extremely detrimental to their prognosis.Therefore, surgical therapy has increasingly become one of the most prominent IS treatments.As of now, the indications, preoperative evaluation, and surgical techniques of surgery are continuously being investigated based on variables such as the disease, etiology, age, etcetera.The effect of surgery on cognitive function, physical function, linguistic capacity, and memory function is gaining increasing interest.This article described the indications, preoperative evaluation, surgical procedures (including resection, palliative surgery, and stereotactic surgery), and postoperative efficacy of surgical treatment for IS, with the goal of improving the prognosis of IS through precise surgical treatment, and providing more treatment options and a good long-term prognosis for children with drug-resistant IS.

Objective:To explore the perivascular activation of reactive pericytes after status epilepticus(SE), and the relationship between pericytes and glial cells in proliferation and function.Methods:Eighty rats were randomly divided into control group( n=16) and model group( n=64, 16 for each group in SE1d, SE3d, SE7d, SE28d). The SE model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on brain tissue sections to observe basic pathological changes.Use immunohistochemistry and Western blot to detect(neuron-glial antigen 2, NG2) expression, and use immunofluorescence technology to double stain NG2 and(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) to observe their relationship. Results:In the model group, the neurons were arranged disorderly, losing the ribbon structure, and the neurons appeared degeneration and necrosis.It was observed that the nuclei of the neurons were blurred, and the cytoplasm was agglomerated.There were more glial cells proliferation.Compared with the control group, it was found in model group that NG2 showed a dynamic high expression after SE( P<0.05). The number of pericytes increased significantly, reaching a peak at 7d, and the results of Western blot were consistent with the results of histochemistry( P<0.05). The aggregation of glial cells were induced in the surrounding area, and pericytes participated in the signal transduction of glial cells. Conclusion:Pericytes can induce the aggregation of glial cells and participate in the repairment in the form of glial scars after SE brain injury.