The identification of BCR-ABL fusion gene and the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting this mutation have promoted the landmark progress of diagnosis and treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and have dramatically changed the treatment management and disease prognosis for CML patients. Most of the western countries hold a view that CML is cut and dried, but the situation is not the same in developing countries. Currently, more attention is paid to the discontinuation of TKI. In addition, deep challenges remain in the low- and middle-income countries. This paper reviews the treatment progress of CML and challenges in low-and middle-income countries reported at the 61st American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting.