OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of epidemiological characteristics of measles in Beijing before and after Supplementary Immunization Campaigns (SIA) (2007-2010 vs 2011-2014) of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) among children aged between 8 months and 14 years in 2010.

METHODSDescriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on surveillance data of measles cases (clinical cases and laboratory confirmed cases), with the occurrence during 2007-2014, and of outbreaks, with the occurrence during 2009-2014, from National Notifiable Disease Reporting System. MapInfo geographic information system (Version 8.5) was used to illustrate the distribution of measles incidence by district. Annual measles incidence was classified into 5 groups at the same intervals between the upper and lower limits to analyze the morbidity of the different areas.

RESULTSIn total, 7 722 and 3 132 measles cases were reported during 2007-2010 and 2011-2014, with the annual incidence of 11.59 and 3.84 cases per 100 000 population, respectively. Comparing with the results during 2007-2010, total number of measles cases and average annual incidence during 2011-2014 were decreased by 59.4%, and 66.9%, respectively. Among measles cases during 2011-2014, percentage of cases aged 15 years or above were 57.7%(56/97), 62.0%(49/79), 65.5%(370/565), and 71.4% (1 707/2 391), respectively, which increased by years. During 2007-2010, the highest risk age for adults was 20-34, while 2011-2014, 5 years older: 25-39. During 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014, 50.3% (447/889), 30.3% (10/33), and 57.8% (201/348), respectively, of measles cases aged 8-17 months were unvaccinated by MCV. Percentages of measles cases aged 0-7 months, 8 months-14 years, 15-39 years and 40 years or above during 2013-2014, who visited hospitals 7-21 days before disease onset, were 59.8% (238/398), 49.3% (237/481), 32.2% (529/1641), and 37.6% (164/436), respectively. A total of 11 nosocomial measles outbreaks occurred during 2013-2014, which was much higher than that during 2009-2010 (2 nosocomial outbreaks). And universities accounted for the majority of outbreak settings of schools (3/4). All 11 outbreaks among grouped employees during 2009-2012 occurred in factories, restaurants, or large shopping centers, while the largest proportion (6/16) of that kind of outbreaks during 2013-2014 occurred in office buildings.

CONCLUSIONSSIA of MCV in 2010 effectively decreased measles transmission in Beijing. But routine immunization of MCV still needed to be improved. The issue of adult measles has been a prominent problem. Hospitals, office buildings and universities were the focus of prevention of measles transmission.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Beijing ; epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross Infection ; Disease Outbreaks ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; statistics & numerical data ; Incidence ; Infant ; Measles ; epidemiology ; Measles Vaccine ; administration & dosage ; Restaurants ; Schools ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

Objective:To explore the value of radiomics based on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT in predicting the Children′s Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification of neuroblastoma (NB). Methods:From March 2018 to November 2019, the 18F-FDG PET/CT images of 125 NB children (51 males, 74 females, age: 0.5-10.5 years) confirmed pathologically in Beijing Friendship Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the COG classification, patients were divided into high-risk group and non-high-risk group (including low- and intermediate-risk). Imaging radiomics features were extracted from PET and CT images and screened. Logistic regression was used to build the first model based on radiomics features (R_model) and calculate radiomics score (Rad_score), then build the second model (RD_model) based on Rad_score and demographic features and at last build the third model (RDC_modle) based on Rad_score, demographic features and clinical features. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of these models. Results:The training set contained 94 NB cases (63 high-risk cases, 31 non-high-risk cases), and the validation set contained 31 NB cases (21 high-risk cases, 10 non-high-risk cases). Four radiomics features were obtained by screening, of which two features were based on CT images and the other two features were based on PET images. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the R_model, RD_model and RDC_model in training or validation set were 0.91, 0.94, 0.98 or 0.86, 0.92, 0.95, respectively. The accuracies of the R_model, RD_model and RDC_model in training or validation set were 86%(81/94), 89%(84/94), 93%(87/94) or 84%(26/31), 84%(26/31), 87%(27/31), respectively.Conclusions:Radiomics based on 18F-FDG PET/CT can accurately predict the COG risk stratification of NB. Prediction model of radiomics features combined with demographic and clinical characteristics can further improve the accuracy of predicting NB COG risk stratification, which can help personalized and precise therapy protocol management in NB.

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of 1 dose varicella attenuated live vaccine (VarV) for healthy children aged 1-12 years in China and explore the application of the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework in observational studies of vaccine effectiveness (VE).Methods:We searched studies about the VE of 1-dose VarV for children aged 1-12 years in China which published before 2019 and evaluated the quality of the studies by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) table. We used Meta-analysis models to obtain the pooled 1-dose VE and that in subgroups by study design, outbreak or not, study quality and age of subjects. The evidences of VEs were rated by means of the GRADE system.Results:Thirty-two studies were included and the pooled 1-dose VE was 75% [95% confidence interval ( CI): 68%-80%]. The VE of outbreak studies [VE=66% (95 %CI: 57%-73%)] was lower than non-outbreak studies [VE=85% (95 %CI: 78%-89%)], and the VE in <6 years old children [VE=84% (95 %CI:77%-89%)] was higher than that in ≥6 years old children [VE=60% (95 %CI: 51%-68%)]. There was no significant difference in VE among studies with different design and quality. The quality of the evidences of pooled 1-dose VE was"very low", which was downgraded in bias risk and inconsistency and not downgraded in indirectness, imprecision and publication bias. Conclusions:The 1-dose VarV can provide medium level protection for 1-12 years old children in China, but it will decrease significantly for ≥6 years old children, so it is suggested to implement the strategies of two-dose vaccination of VarV in children <6 years old. The GRADE framework can be used in the observational studies of VE and it is suggested that the technical guidelines of observational study should be worked out to improve the overall quality of evidence.

Mice ; Animals ; Memory Disorders ; Cerebrospinal Fluid

Humans ; Myelin Sheath ; Astrocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Macrophages ; Ischemia

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Synapses ; Vasopressins

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Burosumab in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.Methods:Clinical data of 9 children diagnosed with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and treated with Burosumab in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Anhui Children′s Hospital from November 2021 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, including the general information, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, Burosumab treatment and follow-up.Results:Among the 9 cases, there were 5 males and 4 females, with a median age at diagonosis of 2 years. After traditional treatment, the fluctuation of serum phosphorus ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 mmol/L. The median age at the initiation of Burosumab treatment was 2.8 years, and the initial dosage was 0.8 mg/kg, administrated subcutaneously every 2 weeks. The laboratory and imaging indexes were improved after 6 months of Burosumab treatment, and the mean serum phosphorus level increased from(0.81±0.14) mmol/L to(1.02±0.10) mmol/L at 1 month( t=3.85, P=0.001) and(1.14±0.25) mmol/L at 6 months( t=3.58, P=0.002). The average alkaline phosphatase(ALP) level decreased from(509.89±110.10) U/L before treatment to(447.89±106.76) U/L after 1 month( t=1.21, P=0.243). After 6 months, the ALP level significantly decreased to(385.89±60.33) U/L ( t=2.96, P=0.009). The average height percentile increased from 18.42±10.09 before treatment to 26.56±16.59 after 6 months( t=1.26, P=0.227). Rachitis severity scores of both lower limbs ranged from 4.61±1.36 before treatment to 3.06±1.51 after 6 months( t=2.29, P=0.036). No serious adverse events occurred during treatment. Conclusion:Burosumab is safe and effective in treating X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, exhibiting minimal side effects and significant clinical applicability value.