Animal medicine is a unique part of traditional Chinese medicine. They have strong effects, but their effective compounds are not entirely known. The efficiency and safety of animal medicines can't be effectively controlled by current quality assurance system and evaluation method, which has deeply influenced the development of animal medicines. Biological assay does not focus on efficacy of single component, but directly reflects the pharmacodynamics and safety of animal medicines by biological effect. With the development of biotechnology, many new technologies have emerged, such as biochip and high content analysis. Based on the related targets, pathways and key biochemical factors, the field of biological assay has been expanded. With advantages of pharmacology andoverall controllability, as well as the characteristics of in line with the quality control of Chinese Medicine, biological assay will become one of the important development directionsfor quality standardization of animal medicines.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution in mild.to. moderate dry eye patients. Methods A prospective,multicenter,and self.controlled clinical trial was performed on 200 patients who were diagnosed as mild.to.moderate dry eye from January 2015 to June 2017 in Eye Institute of Xiamen University,Eye &ENT Hospital of Fudan University,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Eye Institute of Xiamen University,written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination. All patients were treated with 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution 6 times per day ( one drop each time) for 28 days. Corneal fluorescein sodium staining,tear film break.up time (BUT),SchirmerⅠtest (SⅠt),degree of conjunctival hyperemia,eyelid margin,meibomian gland secretion,secretory capacity of meibomian gland and subjective symptoms were assessed at baseline,on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. Bulbar impression cytology was evaluated at baseline and on the 28th day after treatment. Irritation of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution was estimated on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. Results The total score of subjective symptoms,BUT,SⅠt,degree of conjunctival hyperemia were significantly different among different treatment time points( F=108. 969,27. 598,16. 838,36. 750;all at P<0. 01). Compared with before treatment,the total score of subjective symptoms was significantly decreased, the degree of conjunctival hyperemia and the total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number were significant decreased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. The total score of subjective symptoms,degree of conjunctival hyperemia and total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number on the 28th day after treatment were significant lower than those on the 14th day after treatment. Compared with before treatment,the BUT was significantly longer and the SⅠt scores were significantly increased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. The BUT on the 28th day after treatment was significantly longer than that on the 14th day after treatment;no significant difference in SⅠt was observed between the 28th day and the 14th day after treatment. The scores of palpebral margin change,meibomian gland secretory ability and secretion characteristics were not significantly different among different treatment time points(H=0. 255,2. 356,0. 294;all at P>0. 05). The impression cytology grade on the 28th day after treatment was 1. 08±0. 74,which was significantly lower than 1. 53±0. 76 before treatment (t=5. 979, P<0. 01). The number of goblet cells on the 28th day after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment(U=1806. 500,P<0. 01). On the 14th day after treatment,70％ of the patients indicated that the drug was non.irritating,and no patient had intolerable irritation affecting daily lives. All patients had good tolerance to this drug. Conclusions The use of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate eye drops can improve the symptoms and signs of mild to moderate dry eye,which can be widely used for mild.to.moderate dry eye patients in clinic.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution in mild-to-moderate dry eye patients.Metbods A prospective,multicenter,and self-controlled clinical trial was performed on 200 patients who were diagnosed as mild-to-moderate dry eye from January 2015 to June 2017 in Eye Institute of Xiamen University,Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Xiangya Hospital Central South University,Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,and Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Eye Institute of Xiamen University,written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination.All patients were treated with 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution 6 times per day (one drop each time) for 28 days.Corneal fluorescein sodium staining,tear film break-up time (BUT),Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t),degree of conjunctival hyperemia,eyelid margin,meibomian gland secretion,secretory capacity of meibomian gland and subjective symptoms were assessed at baseline,on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.Bulbar impression cytology was evaluated at baseline and on the 28th day after treatment.Irritation of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution was estimated on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.Results The total score of subjective symptoms,BUT,S Ⅰ t,degree of conjunctival hyperemia were significantly different among different treatment time points (F =108.969,27.598,16.838,36.750;all at P＜0.01).Compared with before treatment,the total score of subjective symptoms was significantly decreased,the degree of conjunctival hyperemia and the total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number were significant decreased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.The total score of subjective symptoms,degree of conjunctival hyperemia and total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number on the 28th day after treatment were significant lower than those on the 14th day after treatment.Compared with before treatment,the BUT was significantly longer and the S Ⅰ t scores were significantly increased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.The BUT on the 28th day after treatment was significantly longer than that on the 14th day after treatment;no significant difference in S Ⅰ t was observed between the 28th day and the 14th day after treatment.The scores of palpebral margin change,meibomian gland secretory ability and secretion characteristics were not significantly different among different treatment time points(H=0.255,2.356,0.294;all at P＞0.05).The impression cytology grade on the 28th day after treatment was 1.08±0.74,which was significantly lower than 1.53±0.76 before treatment (t =5.979,P＜0.01).The number of goblet cells on the 28th day after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment (U =1 806.500,P＜ 0.01).On the 14th day after treatment,70％ of the patients indicated that the drug was non-irritating,and no patient had intolerable irritation affecting daily lives.All patients had good tolerance to this drug.Conclusions The use of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate eye drops can improve the symptoms and signs of mild to moderate dry eye,which can be widely used for mild-to-moderate dry eye patients in clinic.

The study aims to analyze the mechanisms of Hirudo in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis based on network pharmacology. A database of chemical components of Hirudo was established through literature retrieval. The targets were predicted by using the reverse pharmacophore matching method and screened according to the antithrombotic and anticoagulant drug targets approved by FDA in the DrugBank database. Then, the targets were analyzed by KEGG pathway analysis, the protein interactions were analyzed by using BioGrid database, and the active constituents-target-pathway network model of Hirudo was established to study the mechanisms of Hirudo in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. This study collected 49 chemical components of Hirudo, including amino acid, polypeptide, fatty acid ester, alkaloid, glycosides, and steroid. Totally 376 targets were predicted, and 5 critical targets related to the effects of Hirudo in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis were screened, including fibrinogen gamma chain, plasminogen, prothrombin, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and coagulation factor X. The potential regulatory pathways included complement and coagulation cascades, platelet activation, VEGF signaling pathway, focal adhesion. This study reflects the multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway features of Hirudo, and provides a scientific basis for elucidating the mechanisms of action of Hirudo in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, as well as a reference for the study of mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objectives: To analyze and understand the risk factors related to HIV new infections among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: A longitudinal observational study among MSM was conducted to collect information on HIV related behaviors and sero-conversion. Univariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to discuss the risk factors for HIV new infection. Results: A total number of 4 305 MSM were followed during 2013-2015. Among those self-reported MSM who are seeking partners on the Interner tended to have higher proportion on receptive anal intercourse and consistent condom use during anal intercourse than the subgroups seeking their partners in gay bars or bathrooms. HIV incidence among followed MSM during the study period appeared as 4.3/100 person years, with adjusted RR (aRR) of HIV infection for receptive anal intercourse as group 2.20 (95% CI: 1.49-3.24) times than that of insertion anal intercourse group. Those who used rush-poppers (aRR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.10-2.17), unprotected anal intercourse (aRR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.62-3.08), and those with syphilis infection (aRR=2.95, 95%CI: 2.00-4.35) were also risk factors for HIV new infections. After controlling other factors, the relationship between the ways of seeking partners and HIV new infection was not statistical significant. Conclusion: Risk factors for HIV new infection among MSM appeared complex and interactive, suggesting that further studies are needed to generate tailored strategies for the prevention of HIV epidemic among MSM population.
Adult ; Cohort Studies ; HIV Infections/diagnosis* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Unsafe Sex