Objective To establish a drug resistant human hepatoma cell line (QGY/DDP) induced by cisplatin (DDP) in vitro, and to investigate its biological features and mechanisms of resistance. Methods The drug resistant cell line (QGY/DDP) of hepatoma was established by intermittent administration of stepwise increas of the dosage of DDP. Drug sensitivity was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell counting was employed to graph the growth curve and to calculate the doubling time. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to study the cell cycle distribution. In addition, the intracellular platinum accumulation was detected by atomic absorption spectrometry, and the expressions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and glutathione S-transferase-? (GST-?) were analyzed by FCM. Results QGY/DDP cell line was established successfully after 3 months with stable resistance to DDP, and the resistance index (RI) was 10.81. The established cell line exhibited obvious cross-resistance to 5-FU, VCR, MMC, EPI and HCPT. Compared with parental cell line, the QGY/DDP cell line grew slower and its doubling time became longer. The proportion of G0/G1 phase cells of the resistant cells was significantly higher than that of their parental cells, whereas the proportion of S and G2/M phase cells was decreased. The cellular platinum accumulation was obviously decreased in the QGY/DDP cell line, and the expression of GST-? in QGY/DDP cells was higher than that of their parental cells, but no over expression of P-gp was found in the resistant cell line. Conclusions QGY/DDP cell line shows the typical and stable resistant phenotype and possesses the basic biological features of resistant cells. The resistance of the cell line to DDP may be due to the reduction of intracellular platinum accumulation and the over expression of GST-?, but may not be related to the expression of P-gp.

Objective To screen and identify the anomously expressed proteins at protein level in colon mucosa of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(D-IBS)patients and healthy individuals.Methods Four D-IBS patients and four healthy individuals were included in the study.Biopsies of mucosa at the ileocecal junction and sigmoid colon were performed via colonoscopy.The specimens were cleaned with ice cold saline which contained 0.1% PMSF,and were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen.The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE)was used to screen the anomously expressed proteins,and the two proteins which presented the greatest changes in each group were identified by mass spectrometry method.Results Proteomics maps of human colon mucosa were obtained successfully with 2-DE.Average protein spots were 336 in normal control group,and the matching rate among them was 92%,while in D-IBS group,the average protein spots were 426,and the matching rate was 95%.The average matching rate between the test group and the control group was 74%.It was found that the volume value of 24 proteins spots changed more than two folds.The protein expression was found to decrease in 3 spots and increase in 21 spots.Four proteins were chosen for analysis with mass spectrometry analysis.The two up-regulated proteins were identified as Immunoglobulin J chain and heat shock protein 27,while the other two down-regulated proteins were identified as hemoglobin beta subunit and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A.Conclusion With 2-DE,proteomics maps of human colon mucosa have been obtained successfully.The proteome expressions of colon mucosa in D-IBS patients are remarkably different from that of the healthy individuals.The four identified proteins may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of D-IBS.

Objective To understand teachers' cognition and behavior of PBL teaching in nursing college.Methods Eighty teachers were investigated by questionnaire at eight nursing colleges in Hunan province.The percentage was used to do statistical description.Results Totally 75 copies of valid questionnaires were returned,the effective recovery rate was 93.75％.Among all,96％ of teachers thought that teacher was the guide;85.3％ teachers thought that students were knowledge's seekers;93.3％ teachers heard of PBL teaching;81.3％ teaches thought that PBL teaching played a positive role ;74.7％ teaches understood PBL teaching by communication or reading literature; 72％ teachers were willing to try PBL teaching;46.8％ teachers emphasized on multidisciplinary knowledge fusion in teaching; 88.3％ teachers encouraged student discussion in class.The main factors effecting PBL teaching were case and problem design,teaching result evaluation,lack of expert guidance and teacher instruction.Conclusion Teachers have certain understanding of PBL.Organizers should formulate related policies for teachers and students in order to create good education environment.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that primarily affects young children aged from 6 months to 4 years.KD may lead to coronary artery abnormalities in 25％-30％ of the children.The timely use of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) can significantly reduce the incidence of coronary artery aneurysms.Most clinicians use IVIG combined with aspirin as conventional therapy.But how to deal with those IVIG-resistant patients is a dilemma.With the deepening of research,many researchers have found that some second-line or third-line drugs such as corticosteroids,tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors,and calcineurin inhibitors work better,and can effectively reduce the complication rate.The recent advances of the treatment of KD were summarized in this paper.

BACKGROUND:Different mechanical stimulations may have an effect on the level of metabolism of chondrocytes, but the effect is not clear.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate expression level changes in metabolic genes that participate in cartilage cel decomposition and synthesis under compressive stress and tensile stress conditions.
METHODS:We obtained articular chondrocytes from 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Primary cultured chondrocytes were identified. Passage one chondrocytes received cyclic tensile stress and cyclic compressive stress of 3%and 7%, respectively, so as to measure articular changes in chondrocytes-related genes.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:When chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic tensile stress of 3%, synthetic metabolic gene col agen types I and II and proteoglycan mRNA expression levels were decreased. If 3%cyclic compressive stress was applied, proteoglycan mRNA expression levels were increased, and type I col agen mRNA expression levels were decreased (P<0.001), and matrix metal oproteinase-13 mRNA expression levels were reduced (P<0.01). When strain reached 7%, cyclic tensile stress and compressive stress could lead to a general decrease in anabolism-related genes. The former could also make matrix metal oproteinase-13 mRNA expression levels increased (P<0.05). 3%cyclic compression ratio and 3%cyclic stretch made cytoskeleton become oval. These results indicated that in vitro, proper cyclic compressive stress is beneficial to maintain the growth characteristics of articular chondrocytes in rats. Smal tensile stress can decrease the synthesis ability of chondrocytes. The effect of stress may be caused by changing the cytoskeleton.

Purpose To explore the effect of ultrasonic section,patient position and other factors on Young's modulus and shear wave velocity measurement of the muscle,and to study the consistency between Young's modulus and shear wave velocity on reflection of muscle hardness.Materials and Methods Shear wave elastography was used to detect 10 healthy young men and 10 women.Longitudinal and transverse detection of the Young's modulus and shear wave velocity of gastrocnemius and soleus were performed in natural ankle joint position,maximum plantar flexion and maximum dorsiflexion position.Results ① Comparison of the elasticity measurement between gastrocnemius and soleus.There were significant differences in the Young's modulus in the maximum plantar flexion and Young's modulus and shear wave velocity in maximum dorsiflexion position in longitudinal detection (P＜0.05) that gastrocnemius measurements were higher than soleus measurements.There were significant differences in Young's modulus and the shear wave velocity (P＜0.05) in natural position and maximum dorsiflexion position that soleus measurements were higher than gastrocnemius measurements.② In the positions of the ankle joints,the differences between longitudinal detection values and transverse detection values of gastrocnemius or soleus were statistically significant (P＜0.01) and longitudinal detection values were higher than transverse detection values.③ Comparison of the elasticity measurement of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle among different positions of the ankle joints.The measurement in natural position and in the maximum plantar flexion were evidently higher than that in the maximum dorsiflexion position (P＜0.01) in longitudinal detection.The maximum dorsiflexion position showed higher elasticity measurement.Only elasticity measurement in natural position and the maximum plantar flexion of the soleus was statistically different from that in the maximum dorsiflexion position (P＜0.01) that it was higher in the maximum dorsiflexion position.Conclusion The ultrasound elasticity measurements of gastrocnemius and soleus are related with the ultrasonic longitudinal or transverse section and the relative ankle positions.Moreover,there are some differences in elasticity measurements between these two muscles.should be given to all of these in quantitative evaluation of muscle hardness using shear wave ultrasound elastography.

Objective To investigate the role of erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria.Methods Venous blood samples were collected from 59 patients with chronic urticaria (including 14 cases of dermatographism and 45 chronic idiopathic urticaria) and 29 healthy human controls.Flow cytometry was carried out to quantify the expression level of CR1,and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the serum level of immunoglobulin E (IgE),complement C3,C4 and 50％ complement hemolytic activity (CH50).Differences in these parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test,and correlation between these paramenters by Pearson correlation analysis.Results The expression level (expressed as mean fluorescence intensity per 10 000 erythrocytes) of CR1 was significantly higher in patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria than in the healthy controls (35.06 ± 2.06 and 29.17 ± 1.53 vs.20.46 ± 2.57,t =4.20 and 3.33,both P ＜ 0.05),while no statistical difference was observed between the patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria (P ＞ 0.05).Increased total serum IgE levels were observed in patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria compared with the healthy controls ((769.89 ± 123.0) μg/L and (340.09 ± 29.74) μg/L vs.(107.63 ± 88.79) μg/L,t =5.58,5.85,both P ＜ 0.05),and in patients with dermatographism compared with those with chronic idiopathic urticaria (t =3.49,P ＜ 0.05).For patients with chronic urticaria,there was a statistical difference in the expression level of CR1 between individuals (n=22) with total serum IgE levels ranging from 0 to 240 μg/L and those (n =17) higher than 500 μg/L (24.45 ± 10.83 vs.33.09 ± 11.86,t =3.33,P＜ 0.05).The total serum IgE levels were positively correlated with the level of CR1 (r =0.27,P ＜ 0.05),but uncorrelated with that of complement C3 (r =0.16,P ＞ 0.05) or C4 (r =-0.08,P＞ 0.05).The level of complement C3 was positively correlated with that of C4 (r =0.54,P ＜ 0.01).One-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in the serum levels of complement C3,C4,or CH50 between the patients with dermatographism,patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and healthy controls (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion CR1 is abnormally expressed in patients with chronic urticaria.

Humans ; Estazolam ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a noninfectious inflammatory response in nasal mucosa caused by allergens, which is contacted by a specific individual. The immune imbalance of Th1/Th2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AR. In?terleukin (IL)-33, the novel cytokine of IL-1 family, is an important regulatory factor of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseas?es and various inflammatory diseases. IL-33 is a kind of alarm, which is mainly secreted and released by damaged tissues and cells, especially impaired epithelial cells and endothelial cells. IL-33 binding to its receptor ST2L can activate a variety of immune cells to produce Th2 cytokines, precipitating and maintaining Th2 polarization, increasing AR immune inflamma?tion, which is the new target of AR in research and treatment. In this article, we have done a brief overview for the biological functions of IL-33 and its receptor ST2L and the research progress in the AR.

Carotid Artery, Internal ; pathology ; Humans ; Oropharynx ; pathology ; Pharyngeal Diseases ; diagnosis