Objective To assess excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and to examine the main cause of EDS. Methods 96 consecutive PD patients and 98 age-matched healthy controls participated in the study. The severity of the disease was evaluated by Hoehn and Yahr stage (H&Y) and Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ (UPDRS-Ⅲ), and information of anti-PD medications was collected. The correlations among EDS and age, severity of PD, PQSI score, duration of illness and medications were analyzed. Results The mean ESS score was 6.05 (S.D.3.83) in PD patients and 4.24 (S.D.3.21) in controls (P

Objective Some researches showed that vascular risk factors might be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there are still disputes among neurologists. Therefore, it was our hope to explore the possible relationship between AD and vascular factors. Methods A case-control study including 155 cognitive normal controls and 91 possible AD patients in Chinese PLA General Hospital was conducted. The patients and controls were matched for gender, occupation and education level. The relationship between AD and vascular factors was analyzed by Logistic model. The level of statistical significance of differences in single factor and multivariate analysis was P

Objective To find a sensitive index and to investigate the working memory impairment of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.Methods Fifteen patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment,15 healthy matching aging controls were performed a matching-to-sample task while event-related potential(ERP),reaction time and correct rate were recorded.Subjects were required to press a button in the match condition and another button in the conflict condition.Results In the matching condition,there was no difference between the two groups in distribution(parietal lobe),peak latency and amplitude of P300(F_ 1,28 =1.0324,P=0.3183;F_ 2,42 =0.543,P=0.585).In the conflict condition,the distribution of N270 was fore head,and its latency of patient group were more delayed than the aging group(F_ 1,28 =25.3264,P=0.000),but its amplitude showed no significant changes(F_ 1,28 =0.507,P=0.482).The result of brain mapping showed same change.Conclusion The N270 component is more sensitive than P300 to reflect the central executive function impairment of working memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

AIM: To investigate the mutation type in the IDUA gene of Liaoning district mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS-I) patients. METHODS: The mutation type and polymorphism site in the IDUA gene of Liaoning district MPS-I patients were detected by PCR-RFLP, SSCP and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: ① There is a new mutation (1278-g-a) in the IDUA gene of Liaoning district MPS-I patients. ② There is no the common mutation (W402X and Q70X) of European patients and the common mutation (R89Q) of Japanese patients in the 10 families we studied. CONCLUSION: The mutation type in the IDUA gene of Liaoning district MPS-I patients is different from that of other countries and districts.

Objective To investigate the glucose metabolism changes of cerebral ischemic area after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in cat on 18 *"FDG-PET scans.Methods A permanent focal cerebral ischemia model of cat was established by electrocoagulating the terminal of left middle cerebral artery via a transorbital approach. 15 minutes before MCAO, 0.5 mCi 18 *"FDG were intravenous bolus injection.15 minutes, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h after ischemia, 18 *"FDG-PET were performed and the SUV were measured. After neurological examination, the cats were killed for performing TTC stainnig.Results The SUV of ischemic area were highter than that of contralateral and control area(P

ObjectiveTo investigate the neuropsychological characteristics of primary hypothyroidism.MethodSixty patients with primary hypothyroidism were enrolled and 60 euthyroid subjects with age-,gender-,and education-matched served as control.Neuropsychological parameters were determined in all the participants.ResultThe word list learning,figure recall,picture recall,verbal fluency,digit span,and trail making A and B in subclinical hypothyroid patients were impaired as compared with the control (6.0± 1.6 vs 7.6± 1.1,7.3± 1.4 vs 8.6±1.1,9.1±1.9 vs 10.0±0.1,6.7±1.4 vs 9.1±1.2,11.4±2.5 vs 13.3±1.5,11.3±2.2 vs 12.8±1.5,8.0±1.8 vs 9.2±0.8,5.0±1.6 vs 6.7±1.6,12.5±3.8 vs 15.7±2.0,61.1±32.5 vs 41.9±10.6,82.0±40.2 vs 43.2±14.5,all P＜0.05 ).Neuropsychological dysfunctions in all 11 tests were found among moderate and severe hypothyroid patients(26.2±5.0 vs 29.4±4.7,6.3±1.5 vs 6.8±1.4,8.9±2.2 vs 9.9±0.2,28.7±9.7 vs 37.0±6.0,6.4±1.1 vs 9.4±1.3,8.5±1.0 vs 9.4±0.6,11.9±3.0 vs12.9±1.7,8.1±1.8 vs 9.5±1.1,5.1±1.7 vs 6.6±1.5,11.4±2.9 vs 15.1±2.4,55.1±12.2 vs 41.0±11.6,all P＜0.05).ConclusionThe severity of cognitive impairment is accompanied with the decrease of thyroid function,it suggests that the cognitive function must depend on the normal levels of thyroid hormones.

Objective To study the relationship among Alzheimer-like neuropathologic changes and their relationship with age and sex. Methods From January 1,1986 to April 1,2000,all autopsy caus of non-demented individuals ≥40 years of age in the General Hospital of PLA were examined for Alzheimer-like neuropathologic changes in hippocampus.There were 41 female and 97 male. Senile plaques(SP),neurofibrillary tangles(NFT) were identified with modified Palmgren-stain method. Hirano bodies(HB) or granulovacuolar degeneration(GVD) were identified with HE stain methods. Results About 40% patients had Alzheimer-like neuropathological changes in hippocampus. There was a highly significant correlation was found between the incidence and severity of SP?NFT?Hirano or GVD and patients' age in the CA1 field of the hippocampus, but no significant difference between male and female. There was a strong correlation among the prevalence and numerical densities of these four types of Alzheimer-like changes. Conclusions Alzheimer-like neuropathologic changes were mainly distributed in CA1 of hippocampus. In CA1 they had relationship with age, but no relationship with sex and they had correlation each other.

Objective To compare the differences of corneal keratometry and corneal astigmatism measured by Len?star LS900 and KR-1 auto-refractor of age-related cataract. Methods Seventy-six patients with cataract (76 eyes) were in?cluded in this study. Flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), mean keratometry (Km) and astigmatism were measured before operation by Lenstar LS900 and KR-1 auto-refractor. The parameters of astigmatism were transformed into J0 and J45 by Fourier vector transform, and which was compared. Results Values of K1, K2, Km, J0 and J45 were (43.960±1.440) D, (44.901±1.319)D, (44.430±1.336)D, 0.043±0.402 and 0.017±0.425 measured by Lenstar LS900, respectively, and which measured by KR-1 auto-refractor were (44.007 ± 1.400)D, (44.859 ± 1.338)D, (44.433 ± 1.330)D,-0.058 ± 0.322 and 0.031 ± 0.419, respectively. There was no statistical difference between these values measured by two instruments ( P>0.05). The Bland-Altman plots showed that two devices had coincident results for corneal parameters. Conclusion Lenstar LS900 and KR-1 auto-refractor can be applied in the measurement of corneal astigmatism of age-related cataract before surgery.

BACKGROUND:Osteoporosis caused by diabetes melitus as common secondary osteoporosis has been paid more and more attention recently. Zoledronic acid serves as a novel drug for osteoporosis, and its effect on osteoblasts in vivo remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the changes of the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 andNoggin in the femur of type 1 diabetes melitus rats and the effect of zoledronic acid on them. METHODS:Models of type 1 diabetes melitus were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in 130 Wistar rats. 3 days later, rats with blood sugar > 16.7 mmol/L for three consecutive times were considered as successful models, 120 in total. These models were randomly divided into model, prevention and treatment groups. Rats in the prevention and treatment groups were intravenously administered zoledronic acid (0.1 mg/kg) on the day of modeling and 2 weeks after model establishment. An additional 40 rats were injected with citrate buffer solution as control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, femur bone mineral density, serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and femur bone morphogenetic protein 2 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the model group (P < 0.05), butNoggin mRNA expression significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, bone mineral density and bone morphogenetic protein 2 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the prevention and treatment groups (P < 0.05), butNoggin mRNA expression significantly lower (P < 0.05), and serum alkaline phosphatase levels gradualy restored. These results indicated that the bone metabolic disturbance occurs in early stage in rats with type 1 diabetes melitus. Zoledronic acid can promote bone formation, increase bone density, and improve bone metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI)were considered to be going to develop into Alzheimer disease, and were the high-risk group of Alzheimer disease.OBJECTIVE: To study the implicit and explicit memory in the patient with amnestic MCI. DESIGN: Homochronous and controlled observation.SETTING: Neurological Department of the Southern Building of General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: The research was carried out at Neurological Department of the Southern Building of General Hospital of Chinese PLA from January to June 2003. Totally 20 male patients with amnestic mild MCI,with the average age of (78.7±4.9) years and the average educational time of (8.2±1.0) years, selected from neurological out-patient clinic and ward of southern building of General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Complaint memory losing and confirmed by the relatives and close friends of the patients, Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) ≥24, activity of daily living (ADL)＜26, and clinical dementia rating equal to 0.5, Objective memory examination score reduced compared to the examiners' educational background,the memory quotient recorded by clinical memory sheet to be 63-77 (lower than the normal value with 1.5-2.5 standard deviation), were accepted, and determined as experiment group.Totally 20 healthy male veterans selected from Beijing area, with the average age of(77.9±4.7) years and the average educational time (8.1±1.1) years were selected as control group. All subjects volunteered to take part in_the examination.METHODS: Explicit memory included word free recall and re-recognition task. The Chinese characters were selected from the 1000 most commonly used ones in the books of primary and middle schools. The 30 double characters-words were chosen and randomly divided into two tasks. Recall task included 10 double character words that were target words. Re-recognition task included 20 double character words, of which one half were target words, and the other half were interfering words. Implicit memory included word free recall and character-root-complementary task. The Chinese characters were from the same source as mentioned before. Thirty Chinese characters were chosen in free recall task at beginning. These Chinese characters at least had possibility of composing over 4 commonly used double character-words in primary and middle school books. One double-Chinese character-word in four possibilities was randomly selected and the total was 30 words. Then these 30 words were divided into two groups, one was target group and the other was interfering word. All selected Chinese characters were composed either up-down structure or right-left structure. Taking a part of the Chinese character would leave a characterroot. There were 30 character-roots and they were never the same each other.There were at least four possibilities to form a Chinese character for each root as properly matching among 1000 commonly used Chinese characters.At first, the subjects were asked to read the target words loudly for 3 times in 4 tasks and tried to remember all the target words (characters) and were told to test their memorization later on. The target words (or characters)would appear in one-minute interval. The subjects were asked to repeat the words (or characters) appeared before as many as possible based on their memory in free recall task and they did not have to remember the words (or characters) in order. The correct recall rate for 10 target words was calculated. In re-recognition task, the target words and interfering words were mixed up and appeared one by one in random order and the subjects were asked to tell if the words appeared before. The correct rate of 20-word rerecognition was calculated. In free recall task, the first character in target words was mixed with the first character in interfering words and they appeared one by one in random order. The subjects were asked to form any two-character-word with appeared Chinese characters and wrote down the first word thought of in test sheet. The hitting rate of target words and interfering words were calculated. t-test for independent samples was carried 9ut respectively between the two groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Semantic priming effect (the hitting rate of target words in word free recall task and the hitting rate of interfering words) and apperception priming effect (the hitting rate of target words in character-root-complementary task and the hitting rate of interfering words) in the two groups. ② Difference of explicit memory (correct rate of free recall and correct rate of re-recognition) and difference of semantic and apperception priming effect in the two groups.RESULTS: All subjects in the two groups completed the test and entered the final analysis. ① Results of inner-group analysis: In the group of MCI,the hitting rate (0.41±0.15) of target words in word free recall task was significantly higher than that of interfering words (0.31±0.12, P ＜ 0.01),suggesting that there existed semantic priming effect in the patients with amnestic MCI as completing this task. In the character-root-complementary task, the hitting rate of target words (0.17±0.10) was significantly higher than that of the hitting rate of interfering words (0.10±0.07, P ＜ 0.05), suggesting that there existed perceptional priming effect in the patients with amnestic MCI as completing this task. In the control group, the hitting rate of target words (0.45±0.11) was significantly higher than that of the interfering words (0.33±0.10, P ＜ 0.01), suggesting that there existed semantic priming effect in the elderly with normal perception as completing this task as well. In the character-root-complementary task, the hitting rate of target characters (0.18±0.08) was higher than that of interfering characters (0.13±0.07, P ＜ 0.05), suggesting that there existed perceptional priming effect in the elderly with normal perception as completing this task as well. ② Results of inter-groups analysis: Correct rates of free recall and re-recognition in the MCI group was decreased (0.10±0.09, 0.45±0.13,t=9.858, P=0.000; 0.69±0.14, 0.83±0.08, t=3.685, P=0.000). There was not significantly different in Sementic priming effect and perceptional priming effect both in the MCI group and the control group.CONCLUSION: Sementic priming effect and perceptional priming effect were existed both in the MCI experiment group and the control group, but the implicit memory was not significantly different in the two groups. However, the patients with forgetful style MCI were exhibited a decline in explicit memory. Memory function of mild MCI patients was shown double characteristics, i.e. damage of explicit memory and preservation of implicit memory. The double character in memorial function provided theoretical basis for the rehabilitative training of MCI patients.