Objective To measure the activity energy expenditure(AEE) of healthy adults during level walking by using indirect calorimetry,and to analyze the characteristics and underlying influencing factors such as age and gender. Methods A total of 60 healthy adults aged 20-50 years (30 males and 30 femdes) participated in the study.All the subjects were divided into six groups by gender and age (the age span of each group was 10 years). The subjects were arranged to walk at speeds of 3.5,4.5,5.5km/h and run at 5.5,6.5,7.5km/h, respectively, on the treadmill. The resting energy expenditure ( REE ) and AEE were measured during walking and running at different speeds.There was a 5-minute rest among the test sessions. Results No difference in terms of AEE between the female and male at the same age ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). During 3.5km/h walking,AEE of 21-30 year-old females was lower than 31-40 yearold females and males( P ＜0.05 ) ;During 4.5km/h walking,AEE of 31-40 year-old females was higher than 21-30 yearold females and males and 41-50 year-old females; AEE of 21-30 year-old females was lower than 41-50 year-old males (P ＜ 0.05 ) ;During 5.5km/h walking,AEE of 31-40 year-old females was higher than 21-30 year-old females and males ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). During 6.5 km/h running, AEE of 31-40 year-old females was higher than 41-50 year-old females ( P ＜0.05), while during 7.5km/h running, AEE of 21-30 year-old males was higher than 41-50 year-old females (P ＜0.05 ). It was also found that the AEE of all groups except the 41-50 year-old females group was higher when walking at the speed of 5.5km/h than running at the same speed( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions Age has more effect on REE and AEE than the gender. AEE of elder subjects is higher than that of the younger ones during walking, however, AEE of younger people increases faster than the elders during running. AEE of 31-40 year-old females is the highest in all groups both in walking and running. AEE in running is higher than in walking at the same speed.

A single-stranded oligonucleotides containing a 6 histidine sequence, a hydroxylamine cleavage site, a thrombin cleavage site, and stop codon TAA were inserted into the polylinker's downstream of prokaryotic expression vector pBV220 between BamHI and PstI. The resultant vector is named pBV223. Proteins expressed in this vector will have a 6 histidine tail as affinity handy fused to their C terminus and can be quickly purified by one step immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). This plasmid is verified by restriction map and DNA sequencing. Subsequently, the metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 cDNA (without the stop codon) was cloned into vector PBV223 in frame with the 6-histidine sequence, hydroxylamine and thrombin cleavage sites. The soluble nm23-H1 fusion protein was successfully induced in the bacterial DH5a and easily purified with Ni chromatograph. These results indicated that the strategy to clone the single-stranded oligonucleotides directly into the restriction sties between BamH I and Pst I in the pBV220 vector is the simplest and cost-effective method.
Base Sequence ; Chromatography, Affinity ; methods ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification

BACKGROUNDOsteopontin (OPN) was identified as one of the leading genes that promote the metastasis of malignant tumor. However, the mechanism by which OPN mediates metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate the biological significance and the related molecular mechanism of OPN expression in lung cancer cell line.

METHODSLentiviral-mediated RNA interference was applied to inhibit OPN expression in metastatic human NSCLC cell line (A549). The invasion, proliferation, and metastasis were evaluated OPN-silenced in A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. The related mechanism was further investigated.

RESULTSInterestingly, OPN knockdown significantly suppressed the invasiveness of A549 cells, but had only a minor effect on the cellular migration and proliferation. Moreover, we demonstrated that OPN knockdown significantly reduced the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and led to an obvious inhibition of both in vitro invasion and in vivo lung metastasis of A549 cells (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSOur data demonstrate that OPN contributes to A549 cell metastasis by stimulating cell invasion, independent of cellular migration and proliferation. OPN could be a new treatment target of NSCLC.

Animals ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteopontin ; physiology ; RNA Interference

BACKGROUNDTo explore the characteristics of exercise cardio-pulmonary function and its possible influencing factors in patients with lung cancer.

METHODSThe pulmonary function, ECG and exercise cardio-pulmonary function were measured in 198 patients with lung cancer and 20 healthy controls.

RESULTS1. Compared with healthy group, VO₂%P, VO₂/kg, AT, VO₂/HR%, VE and VT/VC significantly decreased in lung cancer patients with normal resting pulmonary ventilation, however, BR remarkably increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 2. In patients with normal resting pulmonary ventilation, there was no significant difference of exercise cardio-pulmonary function between the central and peripheral lung cancer groups. 3. The exercise cardio-pulmonary function was closely related to the TNM stages (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 4. W%, VO₂%P , AT and VO₂/HR% in patients with great vessel invasion were remarkably lower than those without great vessel invasion (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that exercise ventilation is impaired in lung cancer patients with normal resting ventilation. And the decrease of exercise cardio-pulmonary function may be related to TNM stage and to great vessel involvement.

OBJECTIVETo explore the changes of individual waist circumference and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity in Beijing from 1992 to 2002.

METHODSIn this prospective study, the baseline survey was carried out in 4154 subjects aged 35-44 in 1992 in Beijing. These subjects were called back and re-examined in 2002. Data were analyzed for 2740 subjects with complete records of the two surveys.

RESULTSThe mean level of waist circumference increased from 83.7 cm to 87.9 cm in males, and from 76.5 cm to 82.3 cm in females. A more significant increase was observed in female than in males. The prevalence of abdominal adiposity increased from 21.2% to 36.7% in males, and from 13.6% to 33.9% in female. The greatest increase occurred in subjects of ages 35 to 44 years rather than in the elders. Seventy percent of individuals with waist circumference in the lowest or highest quartile at baseline maintained the same rank after 10 years.

CONCLUSIONBoth the mean level of waist circumference and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity increased significantly in a period of ten years in Beijing area, with the most significant increase observed in the younger age group.

Abdomen ; anatomy & histology ; Adiposity ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Waist-Hip Ratio

OBJECTIVESTo compare changes in body mass index (BMI), prevalence of over weight and obesity of the population in a community cohort of Peking University during 1992 to 2002, and to study their characteristics of individual BMI.

METHODSTotally, 1 985 individuals aged 35-64 years were selected from Peking University community with stratified random sampling method for baseline survey by physical examinations and questionnaire interviews to collect relevant data in 1992. And, a follow-up survey was conducted for each individual of the cohort in 2002. Data were analyzed for 1 437 individuals with complete records of the two surveys.

RESULTS(1) In the period from 1992 to 2002, weight increased averagely 4.89 kg in men and 3.08 kg in women, respectively, and BMI increased to 25.22 kg/m2 in 2002 from 23.49 kg/m2 ten years ago in men and to 25.02 kg/m2 from 23.30 kg/m2 in women. (2) Prevalence of overweight increased by 47.8% in men and 29.5% in women, and prevalence of obesity increased by 124.2% in men and 131.3% in women, respectively. (3) 74.9% of men with overweight ten years ago remained overweight and 22.9% of them became obese in 2002. 85.7% of men with obesity ten years ago remained obese in 2002. 58.2% of women with overweight ten years ago remained overweight and 34.5% of them became obese in 2002. 93.7% of women with obesity ten years ago remained obese in 2002.

CONCLUSIONSMean BMI and prevalence of overweight and obesity of population in Peking University community increased during 1992 to 2002. Most of those with overweight or obesity ten years ago remained overweight or obese and few of them became normally weighed ten years later. Those with overweight BMI were more liable to become obese than those with normal BMI. All these results indicated once overweight or obesity established, it was difficult to be reversed. Therefore, the key to control overweight and obesity rests on its earlier prevention.

Adult ; Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Community Health Services ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Overweight

Objective: To analyze the current status, trend and predictors of thromboembolism risk assessment in patients hospitalized with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in tertiary hospitals in China. Methods: The study was based on data from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular disease in China (CCC)-Atrial Fibrillation (AF) project. About 10% of the tertiary hospitals in each geographic-economic stratum were recruited. Participating hospitals reported the first 10 to 20 patients with a discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation monthly. From February 2015 to December 2019, a total of 49 104 NVAF patients from 151 tertiary hospitals in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were enrolled. Clinical data of the patients was collected. The proportion of NVAF patients receiving thromboembolism risk assessment, variations in the proportion between different hospitals, the time trend of the application of thromboembolism risk assessment, and the predictors of the application of thromboembolism risk assessment were analyzed. Results: The age of the NVAF patients was (68.7±12.1) years, 27 709 patients (56.4%) were male. Only 17 251 patients (35.1%) received thromboembolism risk assessment. The proportion varied substantially between hospitals with the lowest value of 0 and the highest value of 100%. Among the hospitals, which enrolled more than 30 patients, no patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in 18.4% (26/141) of the hospitals, more than 50% of the patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in 21.3% (30/141) of the hospitals, and all the patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in only 1 hospital. The proportion of NVAF patients receiving thromboembolism risk assessment was 16.2% (220/1 362) in the first quarter of 2015, and significantly increased to 67.1% (1 054/1 572) in the last quarter of 2019 (P<0.001). Patients' characteristics were associated with the application of thromboembolism risk assessment. The odds of receiving thromboembolism risk assessment was lower in male patients compared to female patients(OR=0.94,95%CI 0.89-0.99), lower in patients with acute coronary syndrome or other cardiovascular diseases compared to those with AF as the primary admission reason (OR=0.59, 95%CI 0.55-0.63, OR=0.52, 95%CI 0.45-0.61, respectively), and lower in patients with paroxysmal, persistent and long-standing/permanent AF compared to those with first detected AF (OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.57-0.67, OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.66-0.79, OR=0.57, 95%CI 0.52-0.64, respectively). The odds was higher in patients with a history of hypertension, heart failure, stroke/TIA, and previous anticoagulant therapy compared to those without the above conditions (OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.11-1.23, OR=1.18, 95%CI 1.07-1.30, OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.08-1.27, OR=1.28, 95%CI 1.19-1.37, respectively) (P all<0.05). Conclusion: Thromboembolism risk assessment was underused in patients hospitalized with NVAF in tertiary hospitals in China, and there were substantial variations between hospitals in the application of thromboembolism risk assessment. The application of thromboembolism risk assessment in tertiary hospitals has been improved in recent years, but there is still plenty of room for future improvement. Patients' characteristics could affect the application of thromboembolism risk assessment in China.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anticoagulants ; Atrial Fibrillation/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thromboembolism/epidemiology*

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The results from a randomized controlled trial using annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in specific high-risk groups demonstrated a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality. The aim of tihs study is to establish the China National lung cancer screening guidelines for clinical practice. METHODS: The China lung cancer early detection and treatment expert group (CLCEDTEG) established the China National Lung Cancer Screening Guideline with multidisciplinary representation including 4 thoracic surgeons, 4 thoracic radiologists, 2 medical oncologists, 2 pulmonologists, 2 pathologist, and 2 epidemiologist. Members have engaged in interdisciplinary collaborations regarding lung cancer screening and clinical care of patients with at risk for lung cancer. The expert group reviewed the literature, including screening trials in the United States and Europe and China, and discussed local best clinical practices in the China. A consensus-based guidelines, China National Lung Cancer Screening Guideline (CNLCSG), was recommended by CLCEDTEG appointed by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, based on results of the National Lung Screening Trial, systematic review of evidence related to LDCT screening, and protocol of lung cancer screening program conducted in rural China. RESULTS: Annual lung cancer screening with LDCT is recommended for high risk individuals aged 50-74 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and who currently smoke or have quit within the past five years. Individualized decision making should be conducted before LDCT screening. LDCT screening also represents an opportunity to educate patients as to the health risks of smoking; thus, education should be integrated into the screening process in order to assist smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS A lung cancer screening guideline is recommended for the high-risk population in China. Additional research , including LDCT combined with biomarkers, is needed to optimize the approach to low-dose CT screening in the future.
Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Patient Selection ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Radiation Dosage ; Risk ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

BACKGROUNDPatients with single station mediastinal lymph node (N2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a better prognosis than those with multilevel N2. The molecular factors which are involved in disease progression remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate gene expression differences between single station and multilevel N2 NSCLC and to identify the crucial molecular factors which are associated with progress and prognosis of stage N2 NSCLC.

METHODSGene expression analysis was performed using Agilent 4×44K Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray on 10 freshfrozen lymph node tissue samples from single station N2 and paired multilevel N2 NSCLC patients. Real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to validate the differential expression of 14 genes selected by cDNA microarray of which four were confirmed. Immunohistochemical staining for these validated genes was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue samples from 130 cases of stage N2 NSCLC arranged in a high-density tissue microarray.

RESULTSWe identified a 14 gene expression signature by comparative analysis of gene expression. Expression of these genes strongly differed between single station and multilevel N2 NSCLC. Four genes (ADAM28, MUC4, CLDN1, and IGF2) correlated with the results of microarray and real-time RT-PCR analysis for the gene-expression data in samples from 56 NSCLC patients. Immunohistochemical staining for these genes in samples from 130 cases of stage N2 NSCLC demonstrated the expression of IGF2 and CLDN1 was negatively correlated with overall survival of stage N2 NSCLC.

CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that the expression of CLDN1 and IGF2 indicate a poor prognosis in stage N2 NSCLC. Further, CLDN1 and IGF2 may provide potential targeting opportunities in future therapies.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; metabolism ; mortality ; pathology ; Claudin-1 ; analysis ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; analysis ; genetics ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; mortality ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis

BACKGROUNDTo construct recombinant adenoviral vector carrying Smad3D or Smad7 by a simplified means.

METHODSBased on AdEasy System, adenoviral backbone plasmid vector and shuttle vector carrying the gene of interest were transferred into E.coli BJ5183 by chemical transformation methods in special order. The homologous recombination was performed.

RESULTSRecombinant adenoviral vector pAd-Smad3D and pAd-Smad7 were constructed successfully, which were confirmed by restriction enzyme digesting.

CONCLUSIONSRecombinant adenoviral vector may be constructed quickly and efficiently in E.coli by sequential chemical transformation methods.