HLA Antigens ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; immunology

Programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitor has become one of the important treatment options for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a small subset of patients with NSCLC can currently receive single-agent PD-1 inhibitors as first-line therapy, for the limitations of population selection exclude most patients from immuno-oncology (IO) monotherapy. In order to expand the candidate population for IO first-line treatment and make more newly diagnosed patients benefit from IO treatment, a series of studies are focusing on the combination of IO and other drugs in NSCLC. We reviewed the latest clinical data of IO first-line combination therapy in recent years, suggesting that on the basis of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, combined with other IO, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic drugs, targeted therapy or radiotherapy may produce synergistic anti-tumor effects. It is expected to benefit more newly diagnosed patients.
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Animals ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; immunology ; therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; trends ; Lung Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy

Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Lung Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Vaccines ; therapeutic use

Cryptococcus neoformans commonly causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, especially in patients with AIDS. CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in AIDS indicates an increased risk of opportunistic infection and a decline in immunological function. Idiopathic CD4 T-lymphocytopenia (ICL) is characterized by depletions in the CD4+ T-cell subsets, without evidence of HIV infection. Immunodeficiency can exist in the absence of laboratory evidence of HIV infection, and T-cell subsets should be evaluated in patients who present with unusual opportunistic infections. We report a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis and lung cancer in a patient with persistently low CD4+ cell counts, without evidence of HIV infection.
Aged ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*pathology ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/*complications/immunology ; Cryptococcosis/*complications/immunology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*complications/immunology ; Lymphopenia/*complications/immunology ; Male

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for about 15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Despite sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, SCLC is vulnerable to get resistant and has high recurrence rates. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good antitumor activity, especially programmed death receptor-1/ligand-L1 (PD-1/L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Checkpoint inhibitors have changed the pattern of tumor treatment, and SCLC has high immunogenicity, high mutation load and other favorable immune factors, so immuno-checkpoint inhibitors may become an important breakthrough in SCLC treatment. This article will briefly review the clinical research of immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer.
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Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; genetics ; immunology ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; trends ; Lung Neoplasms ; genetics ; immunology ; therapy ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; genetics ; immunology ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; genetics ; immunology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo explore the impact on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the quality of life (QOL) in the patients of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with wheat-size moxibustion therapy.

METHODSSeventy patients of NSCLC were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 35 cases in each one. Finally, 33 cases were participated in the observation group and 32 cases in the control group for statistical analysis. In the observation group, Zusanli (ST 36) and Feishu (BL 13) were selected for grain-size moxibustion, 9 moxa cones on each acupoint, once a day. There was the follow-up visit without any treatment applied in the control group. The trial lasted for 6 weeks. The changes in NLR and the QOL score before and after treatment were observed in the patients of the two groups and the differences were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSCompared with the condition before treatment, in the observation group, NLR was reduced apparently (P< 0.05), the general health state/life quality field, physical functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, fatigue, pain, short breath, insomnia and anorexia were improved apparently (all P < 0.05). In the control group, the differences were not significant in NLR, the general health states/life quality field, physical functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, role functioning, social functioning, fatigue, pain, short breath, insomnia and anorexia before and after treatment (all P > 0.05). In comparison of the two groups, NLR was reduced apparently in the observation group as compared with that in the control group after treatment (P < 0.05). The scores of the general health state/life quality field, physical functioning, emotional functioning and cognitive functioning were increased apparently as compared with those in the control group after treatment (all P < 0.05). The scores of fatigue, pain, short breath, insomnia and anorexia in the observation group were reduced apparently as compared with those in the control group after treatment (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe wheat-size moxibustion therapy reduces NLR and improves the immune function and quality of life in the patients of NSCLC.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; immunology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Moxibustion ; Neutrophils ; immunology ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of tumor cell lysate (TCL) with low high-mobility group B1 (HMGB1) content for enhancing immune responses of dendritic cells (DCs) against lung cancer. METHODS: TCLs with low HMGB1 content (LH-TCL) and normal HMGB1 content (NH-TCL) were prepared using Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells in which HMGB1 was inhibited with 30 nmol/L glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and using LLC cells without GA treatment, respectively. Cultured mouse DCs were exposed to different doses of NH-TCL and LH-TCL, using PBS as the control. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expressions of CD11b, CD11c and CD86 and apoptosis of the stimulated DCs, and IL-12 levels in the cell cultures were detected by ELISA. Mouse spleen cells were co-cultured with the stimulated DCs, and the activation of the spleen cells was assessed by detecting CD69 expression using flow cytometry; TNF-β production in the spleen cells was detected with ELISA. The spleen cells were then co-cultured with LLC cells at the effector: target ratios of 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1 to observe the tumor cell killing. In the animal experiment, C57/BL6 mouse models bearing subcutaneous LLC xenograft received multiple injections with the stimulated DCs, and the tumor growth was observed. RESULTS: The content of HMGB1 in the TCL prepared using GA-treated LLC cells was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with NH-TCL, LH-TCL showed a stronger ability to reduce apoptosis (P < 0.001) and promote activation and IL- 12 production in the DCs. Compared with those with NH-TCL stimulation, the DCs stimulated with LH-TCL more effectively induced activation of splenic lymphocytes and enhanced their anti-tumor immunity (P < 0.05). In the cell co-cultures, the spleen lymphocytes activated by LH-TCL-stimulated DCs showed significantly enhanced LLC cell killing activity (P < 0.01). In the tumor-bearing mice, injections of LH-TCL-stimulated DCs effectively activated host anti-tumor immunity and inhibited the growth of the tumor xenografts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Stimulation of the DCs with LH-TCL enhances the anti-tumor immune activity of the DCs and improve the efficacy of DCbased immunotherapy for LLC in mice.
Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Apoptosis ; Dendritic Cells/immunology* ; Glycyrrhizic Acid/pharmacology* ; HMGB1 Protein ; Lung Neoplasms/immunology*

With the in-depth study of tumor immunity, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has made a great breakthrough in solid tumors. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 15%-20% of all lung cancers, with high malignancy, early metastasis and lack of effective treatment strategy. The appearance of immune checkpoint inhibitors brings new hope for SCLC. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the persistent efficacy and clinical activity of the programmed death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in the treatment of SCLC. However, its efficacy and safety are not very accurate, and the markers that can effectively predict the efficacy of immunotherapy have not been concluded. In this paper, for further changing the treatment strategy of SCLC clinical practice and providing theoretical basis of research, we reviewed the progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors, related markers in the treatment of SCLC by exploring the value, problems and challenges of immunotherapy in SCLC.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; methods ; Prognosis ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; immunology

In recent years, the checkpoint inhibitors targeted programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-1 ligand, PD-L1) achieved landmark significance in treating a variety of cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, current immunotherapy is not precise enough, only 15%-20% of the unselected patients can benefit from the therapy, and there is a possibility of hyperprogression (HP). Therefore, how to select the dominant population is crucial. Although many studies have emphasized the importance of PD-L1 and tumor mutation burden (TMB) and other indicators to guide immunotherapy, current PD-L1 expression level and mutation load cannot be used as a decisive and excluded predictive marker based on various obstacles. With the deepening of research, we found that there is a close relationship between lung cancer-driver gene mutation and aberrant activation of PD-1/PD-L1 signal pathways, and the correlation between gene mutation and immunotherapy efficacy has broad research value. This article will revolve around the above issues.
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Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; genetics ; immunology ; therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; methods ; Lung Neoplasms ; genetics ; immunology ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Adult ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic ; etiology ; immunology ; pathology ; Female ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell ; complications ; immunology ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; complications ; immunology ; pathology