can improve the accuracy of clinical staging and help to choose a proper treatment regimen. Moreover, it can clearly differentiate tumor from normal tis-sue and reduce the risk of geographic misses.

Objective To observe the effects of Astragalus Injection ( AI ) on the expressions of nerve growth factor(NGF) and tyrosine kinase receptor A(TrkA)in retinal tissue of rat model of optic nerve injury by stretch. Methods Altogether 48 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham group, model group and AI group ( n=16 each ) . The rat model of optic nerve injury was induced by horizontal stretching the optic nerve of left eye by tensiometer with 0. 10 N for 20 seconds, and the rats of sham group were only exposed optic nerves, without undergoing stretching. After success-ful modeling, the rats of AI group were injected intraperitoneally ( i. p. ) AI and the those of model group were i. p. normal saline for consecutive 14 days. The retinal tissues of all rats were dissected out of the eye balls and the expressions of NGF and TrkA were detected by Western Blot. Results Compared with the sham group, the expression levels of NGF and TrkA in the model group decreased significantly( P<0. 05). After 14-day-treatment, the expressions of NGF and TrkA of retinal tissues increased in AI group compared with the model group(P<0. 05). Conclusion The protection of AI against optic nerve injury was proved by upregulating of the expressions of NGF and TrkA in the rat retinal tissue.

Objective To identify the levels of exposure to second-hand smoking (SHS)among Chinese adults living in the urban areas and their knowledge on the risks of SHS,to support for the Smoke-free policy.Methods Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation China Survey (ITC China Survey) was analyzed and SAS was used to calculate the rates and 95％ CI.Results In the two surveys,less than 40％ of the respondents reported that their workplaces had completely stopped smoking.Participants who reported that they had seen people smoking at various public places with different rates,also they could reflect the levels to SHS exposure.Restaurants were the venue with the heaviest overall exposure (83.4％-95.6％),followed by the workplace (53.3％-84.0％).Exposure was low in health facilities,schools and public transport venues.In the GATS survey,60.6％ smokers and 68.5％ non-smokers believed that SHS could cause lung cancer,but only one-third of the participants believed that SHS could cause heart diseases in adults.Participants in the ITC China survey reported a comparatively higher level of awareness on the harm of SHS,but only 58.2％ smokers believed that SHS could cause heart diseases in adults.Overall,data from the ITC China survey showed that participants' support for a comprehensive smoke-free policy in schools,health-related facilities,government buildings and in taxi were high (over 70％).However,the proportion of participants supporting comprehensive smoking-free policy at workplaces (50.9％-60.9％) was relatively low.Conclusion The proportion of indoor workplaces with complete smoking ban was low in urban areas but levels to SHS exposure were high.People's awareness of harms related to SHS and their attitude on setting up a comprehensive smoke-free workplace need to be improved.

Bioactive glass (BG) has been widely used in bone tissue engineering due to its good osteogenic property and bioactivity, but it still has some deficiencies, such as poor cell adhesion and low osteogenic rate and so on. Mesoporous biological glass (MBG) is a kind of new material originated from BG and mesoporous silica (MS). Because of its large number of nano-channel, large specific surface area, easy degradation, good biocompatibility and biological activity, MBG has great application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review would present MBG preparation and experimental research in order to provide the theoretical basis and experimental reference for related researches.