Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem and people are generally susceptible to HCV.Main routes of transmission include blood transmission,sexual transmission,and mother-to-child transmission.Anti-HCV screening of blood products has substantially red uced the blood transmission of HCV.Remarkable breakthrough has been made in the treatment of hepatitis C with direct-acting antiviral agents and the trend of HCV transmission has been significantly curbed.Since HCV infection is occult,hepatitis C vaccine has not been successfully developed,and there lack effective blocking measures for mother-to-child transmission,which will become one of the major route of HCV transmission.Reducing the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HCV is very important in preventing neonatal HCV infection and reducing the incidence rate of HCV infection.In recent years,many researchers have concentrated on the detailed mechanisms and risk factors of mother-to-child transmission of HCV and made great achievements;however,there are still controversies over some issues.This article reviews the research advances in the specific mechanisms of mother-to-child transmission of HCV in China and other countries.

Covered in the paper are the significance of rural doctors′professional development and their professional characteristics,as well as systematic insights on such key factors of professionalism of these doctors,as their professional qualifications,functional positioning,practicing approach,professional guarantee,professional development,social identity,professional stability,and professionalism.Based on such thoughts,the authors recommend on reforms of professional development for rural doctors by stages and levels.

s To compare the clinical effects of intravenously and orally administered aspirin in the treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS),and to evaluate the adverse effects of intravenous administration of aspirin.Methods One hundred and twenty-five patients with unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction were randomized into three groups:group 1 received intravenous aspirin (300mg/d,n =40),while groups 2 (n =42) and 3 (n =43) received orally administered aspirin (100mg/d and 300mg/ d,respectively).The control group included 30 patients with no heart disease or blood disease,and they had never taken aspirin and clopidogrel.Blood samples were taken at 2nd and 7th day of hospitalization.Platelet aggregation and the level ofplatelet activation marker CD62p were measured and compared among the groups.Patients were followed up for 6 months for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.Results There were no statistically significant differences in the decrease in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation rate (12.01±10.45%,6.76±14.62% and 9.73±16.72% for group 1,group2 and group 3,respectively),the decrease in arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation rate (6.73±11.34%,6.95±12.45% and 7.57±13.11%,respectively),and the decrease in CD62p level (10.89±18.62%,8.92±11.57% and 7.05±15.67%,respectively).At six months,there were 4 deaths (10%) in group 1,4 deaths (9.5%) in group 2 and 5 deaths (11.6%) in group 3 (P＞0.05).Conclusions Intravenous administration of aspirin provides a new approach as an anti-platelet treatment for ACS patients,especially those who can not tolerate oral administration of aspirin.(J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;5:212-216)

The countywide healthcare reform in Anhui province since 2015 was analyzed in the paper.The reform is based on the integration of healthcare management system and health service system of the new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS).The core of reform is regional global per capita budget of NCMS.The reform promotes the county′s healthcare institutions to shift from profit oriented to costs control, improves their quality of care, emphasizes disease prevention and control, and maintains residents health.Next, we should pay attention to the rationality of funds balance and benefits distribution, and the training of county healthcare personnel.

This paper analyzed and concluded successful experience and mechanisms of regional global per capita budget implemented since 2015 in Anhui province,including the formation of mutual incentive and restraint mechanism, the mechanism of controlling expenses spontaneously and resource allocation efficiently.After the reform, flow of hospitalized patients was more rational, and the financial burden of patients was alleviated, while the capacity of medical institutions was improved notably in pilot counties.The successful experience of Anhui province can put forward corresponding suggestions to guide the future work in other areas.

Objective To investigate the value of interleukin(IL)-6 and kidney injury molecule(Kim)-1 in the early prediction of contrast-induced pnephropathy(CIN)after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods A total of 730 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent PCI were retrospectively collected,divided into CIN group(n=46)and non-CIN group(n=684),and the medical records of the two groups were compared,and the relationship between Kim-1 and IL-6 of renal injury and CIN was analyzed by binary regression,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to explore the predictive value of these two markers on CIN after PCI for coronary heart disease.Results There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of preoperative IL-6(P=0.467)and Kim-1(P=0.643),and 48h and 72h after PCI,IL-6 and Kim-1 in CIN group was higher than that in non-CIN group(P＜0.001),and IL-6 and Kim-1 in CIN group was higher than that in before surgery(P＜0.001).48h postoperative IL-6(OR=1.884,P=0.002),48h postoperative Kim-1(OR=1.409,P＜0.001)and 72h postoperative IL-6(OR=1.377,P＜0.001)and 72 hours postoperative Kim-1(OR=1.092,P=0.004)were independent risk factors for CIN.The ROC curve showed that when used as a diagnostic marker for CIN,the area under the curve(AUC)of IL-6(48h),IL-6(72h)were 0.837,0.782,AUC of 48h Kim-1 and 72h Kim-1 were 0.820 and 0.827,respectively.Conclusion IL-6 and Kim-1 are independent risk factors for CIN after PCI for coronary heart disease.IL-6 and Kim-1 were positively correlated with the occurrence of CIN after PCI for coronary heart disease.IL-6 and Kim-1 have good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for CIN after PCI for coronary heart disease.

Humans ; COVID-19 ; Quarantine ; Renal Dialysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hospitals