Nude mouse bearing human bladder cancer exhibits similar growth characteristics as human bladder cancer and therfore is a good simulation model in the research of the biological behaviors of human bladder cancer. To explore the initiation, development, prognosis and biological behavior of human bladder cancer,and to develop intravesical biological agents and antitumor drugs with improved strategies for prevention and treatment of bladder cancer, it is essential to establish human bladder tumor-bearing nude mice for basic and clinical researches. This is a review of the current status of the application of human bladder tumor-bearing nude mice.

Objective:To study the inhibitory role of BsAb(anti-human bladder cancer/anti-VEGF) on human bladder cancer growth.Methods:BsAb was used to treat animal models of BIU-87 cell lines.The tumor inhibition rate was calculated and the tumor microvessel density was detected by immunohistochemical techniques.Results:BsAb could significantly inhibit growth of tumor.And the tumor microvessel density was lower than that of the control group.Conclusion:BsAb could inhibit tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. BsAb may become a new method for human bladder cancer treatment.

Objective:To study vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) in bladder carcinoma and its relationship with clinical pathology.Methods:VEGFR of bladder carcinoma samples (50 cases) and normal bladder tissues (20 cases) was detected with immunohistochemistry which was streptomyces-antibiotin-peroxidase-linkage-Technique (Technique SP).Results:VEGFR was positive in most of bladder carcinoma cases.Percentage was 74%.Expression level had positive relationship with pathologicl level and tissue grade.Conclusion:VEGFR was positive in bladder carcinoma.It indicated that VEGFR had important function in angiogenesis of bladder carcinoma. [

Objective:To analyse and prepare bispecific antibody(BsAb, anti human bladder cancer/anti VEGF) which could enhance the effectiveness of tumor cell killing activity.Methods:Monoclonal antibodies against human bladder cancer and VEGF were used to prepare bispecific antibody.Results:IC50 of BsAb was 10 -9.5 ,while those of antibodies against human bladder cancer and VEGF were 10 -8.9 and 10 -8.3 .Conclusion:The effectiveness of BsAb was significantly higher than that of monoclonal antibodies. [

Objective To investigate the immune localization of bispecific gene antibody (anti human bladder carcinoma/anti VEGF),and to determine whether bispecific gene antibody can inhibit growth of human experimental bladder carcinoma. Methods Immunohistochemistry and immune electron microscope were used to study the immune localization in 60 samples of bladder cancer (experiment group),and 20 samples from BPH cases served as control group.Bispecific antibody was injected into the sites in nude mice,which was adjacent to the xenograft tumor of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma.The tumor size was measured at different times.The microvascular density(MVD) and apoptotic index(AI) in the tumors were examined. Results Of the 60 bladder cancer samples 53 (88.3%) were positive for antigen,while only 1 (5.0%) of the 20 in control group was positive.Two weeks after treatment,the tumor size of experiment group was ( 21.47 ?6.57)mm 2,while that of control group was (59.85?15.43)mm 2.MVD of experiment group was 2148?109,while that of control group was 4056?367.AI of experiment group was 17.26,while that of control group was 7.09.The differences between the 2 groups were significant (each P

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of the genetic variation of the long non-coding RNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOATIR) and gene-environment interaction with prognosis-related clinical features of liver cancer. MethodsA total of 923 patients with primary liver cancer Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University were admitted to a hospital from October 2010 to October 2016 were enrolled in this study. TaqMan quantitative PCR was used to detect HOTAIR rs17105613 T＞C, rs12427129 C＞T, and rs3816153 G＞T genotypes. The chi-square test was used to analyze the difference in the distribution of clinical features of liver cancer, and the logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of the genetic variation of HOTAIR on the TNM stage of liver cancer, portal vein tumor thrombus, and age of onset. ResultsAfter the adjustment for environmental factors, rs17105613 and rs3816153 were significantly associated with TNM stage in the recessive mode (P＜005), and there was a statistically significant multiplicative interaction between rs12427129 and smoking on the age of onset of liver cancer (P=0.029), as well as an additive interaction with critical statistical significance (P=0.092). ConclusionHOTAIR rs17105613 and rs3816153 may be associated with TNM stage of liver cancer. The interaction between rs12427129 and smoking may influence the age of onset of liver cancer. Therefore, the genetic variation of HOTAIR may promote the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cells.

Objective:To analyze the association between low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene and primary liver cancer using latent category model.Methods:The low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene was combined according to different functional areas, and the combined variables were analyzed by using the latent class model to obtain the latent variables. Then the logistic regression was used to analyze the association between low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene and primary liver cancer.Results:The low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene were divided into three categories by the latent class model. The class 1 was mainly unmutated population, the proportion was 94.2% (2 454/2 603). The class 2 was mainly transcriptional regulatory domain mutation, take 4.8% (124/2 603). The class 3 was dominantly exon mutation, about 1.0% (27/2 603). Using class 1 as a reference, it was found that mutations in the transcriptional regulatory domain could reduce the risk of liver cancer ( OR=0.601, 95% CI=0.364-0.992, P=0.046). Conclusion:The latent class model can identify low-frequency variants of gene associated with liver cancer and can be extended to more genetic association studies of low-frequency variants related to complex diseases.

Objective:To analyze the association between low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene and primary liver cancer using latent category model.Methods:The low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene was combined according to different functional areas, and the combined variables were analyzed by using the latent class model to obtain the latent variables. Then the logistic regression was used to analyze the association between low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene and primary liver cancer.Results:The low-frequency variants of ARID1A gene were divided into three categories by the latent class model. The class 1 was mainly unmutated population, the proportion was 94.2% (2 454/2 603). The class 2 was mainly transcriptional regulatory domain mutation, take 4.8% (124/2 603). The class 3 was dominantly exon mutation, about 1.0% (27/2 603). Using class 1 as a reference, it was found that mutations in the transcriptional regulatory domain could reduce the risk of liver cancer ( OR=0.601, 95% CI=0.364-0.992, P=0.046). Conclusion:The latent class model can identify low-frequency variants of gene associated with liver cancer and can be extended to more genetic association studies of low-frequency variants related to complex diseases.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of using the posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery perforator flaps to repair the heel wounds. Methods From January, 2011 to May, 2018, heel soft tissue de-fect caused by trauma in 18 cases were treated by posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery perforator flaps respec-tively. The posterior tibial artery perforator flap was used in 11 cases, and the peroneal artery perforator flap was used in 7 cases. The area of flaps ranged from 5.0 cm×3.0 cm to 11.0 cm×9.0 cm. The length of the vascular pedicle was from 10.0 cm to 16.0 cm.After operation, the patients were followed-up regularly.The time of wound healing, appear-ance and texture of the flap, and function of ankle joint were observed. Results After the operation, 13 flaps sur-vived uneventfully. The wound achieved primary healing. Partial necrosis occurred in the distal of posterior tibial artery perforator flap in 2 cases, and repaired by skin graft 1 or 2 months later.Marginal necrosis occurred in posterior tibial artery perforator flap in 2 cases and in peroneal artery perforator flap in 1 case. And scar healing occurred in these 3 cases finally.All the 18 patients were followed-up for 3 to 60 months, with an average of 10 months. Fracture healing time was from 3-6 months, with an average of 4 months. Flap was soft with satisfied appearance in 16 cases. Obvious scar formation occurred in 2 cases. There was no obvious scar contracture in donor sites. There was no obvi-ous limitation of the flexion and extension function of the ankle joint in 18 cases. According to the American Or-thopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, there was excellent in 16 cases, and good in 2 cases. Conclusion As for the characteristics of the heel wound, it is a simple and practical method to use leg perforator flap to repair.The flap is based on a long vascular pedicle.And the clinical effect is satisfied.

Objective To investigate the surgical method and clinical outcome using the free an-terolateral thigh flap with the medial gastrocnemius artery as the recipient artery for the repair of com-plex wounds in the lower leg.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 11 patients with complex wounds in the lower leg admitted to Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital from October 2020 to September 2022.All patients had extensive skin and subcutaneous soft tissue defects in the lower leg and received free anterolateral thigh flap repair with the medial gastrocnemius artery as the recipient artery.The skin of donor site was directly sutured.Results All 11 free skin flap survived in 11 patients,and both the donor and recipient sites healed in stage Ⅰ.All patients were followed up after discharge,with a follow-up time of 12 to 35 months.The follow-up results at 12 months postoperatively showed good wound healing,good flap appearance and elasticity,restora-tion of normal knee and ankle joint function,and independent living ability.The donor site wounds healed well without significant scar hyperplasia.At the last follow-up,the flap sensory function was graded as S3 in 2 patients and S2 in 9 patients.The functional score of the affected limb was excellent in 5 patients and good in 6 patients,with an excellent and good rate of 100％.Conclusion The me-dial gastrocnemius artery has a suitable vessel caliber for anastomosis and a constant location.The use of the free anterolateral thigh flap with this artery as the recipient artery for the repair of severe wounds in the lower leg can effectively cover soft tissue defects and avoid injuring the residual main vessels in the lower leg,resulting in satisfactory outcomes.