Objective:To research the metabolomic alterations of human lung bronchial epithelial cells infected with human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B).Methods:Untargeted metabolomics was used to determine the metabolomic alterations in human lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) 6 h, 12 h and during the dynamic process (6 h∶12 h) after HRV1B infection.Results:A total of 93 differentially significant metabolites (DSMs) (47 DSMs were up-regulated and 46 DSMs were down-regulated) and 88 DSMs (37 DSMs were up-regulated and 51 DSMs were down-regulated) at post infection of HRV1B in BEAS-2B at 6 h or 12 h, respectively. A total of 30 DSMs (12 DSMs were up-regulated and 18 DSMs were down-regulated) in a dynamic process (6 h∶12 h) after HRV1B infection. Unknown metabolites took up most proportions. The trends of fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrate were increased along with the prolonging of HRV1B infection. DSMs such as Diisononyl phthalate was co-detected DSMs among three groups.Conclusions:Metabolites such as fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrate of BEAS-2B cells are changed induced by HRV1B infection.

Objective:To determine the alteration of miRNA profile of human tonsillar epithelial cells induced by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) infection.Methods:Human tonsillar epithelial cells UT-SCC-60B were infected with EV-A71 at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 1 and total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent. Small RNA library was constructed and high-throughput sequencing was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500. Differential significantly expressed known and novel miRNAs and putative targets were selected after the processing of raw data. Gene ontology (GO), kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed through online database. Kinds of miRNA could target EV-A71 genome was determined through psRNATarget. Validations of random selected miRNAs were done through real-time RT-PCR.Results:A total of 61 known significantly expressed miRNAs (21 miRNAs were down-regulated and 40 miRNAs were up-regulated) and 559 novel significantly expressed miRNAs were identified through high-throughput sequencing. Novel significantly expressed miRNA had typical "hairpin structure" of pre-miRNA. Fold changes of hsa-miR-517b-3p and hsa-miR-199a-5p which was determined by real-time RT-PCR had similar change trends with high-throughput sequencing. Putative targets of significantly expressed miRNA were referred to different biological processes and signaling pathways. A total of 24 significant miRNAs (5 known significantly expressed miRNAs and 19 novel significantly expressed miRNAs) had "seed sequence" in EV-A71 genome.Conclusions:Expression of miRNA profile in UT-SCC-60B was significantly changed by EV-A71 infection and the identified significantly expressed miRNAs potential target EV-A71 genome to regulate EV-A71 replication.

Objective: To study the molecular prevalence and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus and human bocavirus in hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: Total 333 throat swabs and clinical information of patients were collected between 2017 and 2018 at Department of Pediatrics of No.2 Clinical Teaching Hospital, Chengde Medical University. The IgM of adenovirus (AdV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus-A/B (Influ-A/B), parainuenza viruses (PIVs)were tested by detection kit, and the positive samples of human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV), AdV, RSV and human coronavirus (HCoV) were detected by RT-PCR or PCR. Results: 43 cases, 19 cases, 3 cases and 2 cases were positive for Influ-B, PIV, RSV and AdV IgM, respectively. Total 80 cases were infected with hMPV (71 cases were single infection, 8 cases were double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), 22 cases were infected with HBoV (14 cases were single infection, 7 cases were double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), 6 cases were infected with AdV (4 cases were single infection, 1 case was double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), only 1 case was single infected with RSV or HCoV, respectively. 39 cases (11.7%) and 41 cases (12.3%) were distributed at <5 years group and ≥5 years group, respectively. 45.0%(18/40)in severe cases and 27.99%(82/293)in mild cases were positive for hMPV, HBoV, AdV, RSV and HCoV, the ratio of viral positive case was significant higher in severe cases than mild cases (P=0.042). The age (P=0.000), peak of fever (P=0.035), duration of hospitalization (P=0.000), neutrophils (P=0.000) and lymphocytes (P=0.000) were significant difference in severe cases compared with mild cases. Conclusions Multiple respiratory viruses can cause community-acquired pneumonia and more attention should be pay to the surveillance of hMPV and HBoV.