As the increasing of digital imagilag modalities,a close-at-hand challenge to deal with is the storage and transmission requirement of enormous data of medical images.Compression is one of the indispensable techniques to solve this problem.A comprehensive review and discussions are made in this paper over the medial image compression techniques applied in medical image domain,including the latest achievements in this field.Different compression algorithm including ROI-based coding,lossless compression,DWT,neural net are introduced and some quality evaluation methods are introduced.Foreground of the field is given from our point of view.

Background A stable diabetic cataract animal model is a premise for screening and evaluating the drug for cataract therapy.Galactose cataract model is widely used in relevant experimental study,but the onset,extent and the type of lens opacification may be different due to different modeling way.Objective This study was to investigate the manifestations and pathological characteristics of cataract induced by D-galactose.Methods Fifty-six SPF SD rats were randomly divided into cataract-model group and control group and 28 rats for each group.50% D-galactose feed was given daily in model group,and regular feed was given in control group.Lenses of rats were examined under the slit lamp through the 30-day period at a 2-day interval,and then the opacity of lenses was graded on the modified Suryanarayana criteria.The body weight of rats was recorded and compared between two groups at day 5,10,15,20,25 and 30.The lenses samples were obtained for the histopathological examination by hemotoxylin and eosin staining.The wet weight,dry weight of the lenes and their ratio were detected and compared between these two groups.The use of animals followed the Regulation for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The body weight was reduced in model rats compared with control rats with the statistically significant difference from 10 days through 30 days(P＜0.05).The different grades of opacification of lens cortical and nuclear progressed in model rats throughout the experiment duration,but the lenses were clear in control rats.The slit-lamp microscopy and pathological examinations revealed that lenses opacity in model rats started from the cortex at the equator zone and developed towards central zone gradually with the lapse of experimental time.Following the entire opacity of lens cortex,lens nucleus were cloudy and expanded.The swelling and degeneration of the fiber cells in lens cortex,the differentiation,migration and denuclearation delay of lens epithelial cells were seen in model rats under the light microscope.The wet weight of lenses was increased and the dry weight was decreased in model rats in comparison with control rats in experimental 30 days,showing significant difference between two groups(t=138.571,t=52.468,P＜0.05).Conclusion The development of galactose-induced cataract animal model resemble one of age-related cortical cataract in human with the similar generating mechanism.This cataract model is reproducible and classifiable.

Background Sugar cataract is one of the major diabetic complications in the eye,but there is not effective medicine to prevent or delay development of cataract. Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the effects and the potential mechanism of aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor,AL-1576 on prevention of galactose cataract in rats. Methods Forty-two SD rats were randomly and equally divided into 7 groups.The cataracts were induced by feeding with 50％ galactose.At the day of feeding galactose and the day 5,10 and 15 after feeding galactose,AL-1576 was added into the feeds.The rats were divided AL-1576 prevention group and early-,intermediate-or late-stage intervention groups.For another group,the withdrawing AL-1576 group,AL-1576 was added into the feeds at the day of feeding galactose,then was removed after 10 days.The lenses of the rats were examined under the slit-lamp microscope before and after given AL-1576 every 5 days.At the day 35,the lenses were obtained.The wet and dry weight of the lenses were weighted,respectically,to calculate the water content of the lenses.Activities of AR and superoxidedismutase (SOD) and contents of glutathione (GSH) of the lenses were measured by their commercial detecting kits.The care and use of the animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission. Results In AL-1576 prevention group,all lenses maintained clear.Opacification of the lenses were significantly attenuated in all three AL-1576 intervention groups and withdrawing AL-1576 group compared with the cataractous model group ( P＜0.05),but the inhibiting role was weaken with late intervention.The water contents and the activities of AR of the lenses were decreased,the contents of SOD and GSH were dramatically increased in all different AL-1576 treated groups compared with the cataractous model group (P＜0.05).Moreover,AL-1576 prevention group showed the best effect on all indexes (P＜0.05). Conclusions The activity of AR can be inhibited by AL-1576 at the different stages of development of cataract induced by galactose.By blocking and attenuating formation of the edema and elevating antioxdative capacity in the lenses,AL-1576 prevents and delays the formation of galactose cataract.

Objective To study the curative effect of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF)and anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion (ACCF)for multi segment cervical spondylosis;and to provide effective anterior surgery for the disease.Methods According to digital table,106 cases with multi segment cervical spondylosis were randomly divided into ACCF group of 54 cases and ACDF group of 52 cases.The ACDF group was treated with ACDF,and the ACCF group was treated with ACCF.The operation time,bleeding volume and excellent rate of cervical functional improvement of the two groups were observed,and the bone graft fusion,cervical vertebra height change and the change of cervical curvature of the two groups were evaluated.Results The operation time of the ACDF group was higher than that of the ACCF group,the amount of bleeding of the ACCF group was lower than that of the ACDF group,and the differences werestatistically significant (t =2.857,9.097,all P <0.05 ).After 6 months and 12 months,the segments of the ACDF group were higher than those of the ACCF group,the differences were statistically significant (t =8.157,6.330,all P <0.05).After 6 months and 12 months,the section curvature increases and cervical vertebra increased curvature of the ACDF group were lower than those of the ACCF group,the differences were statistically significant (t =4.707,4.575,4.083,3.987,all P <0.05).The complication rate of the ACDF group was 11.5%(6 /52),which of the ACCF group was 13.0%(7 /54),the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.050, P >0.05).Conclusion For multi segment cervical spondylosis,there are no significant differences in efficacy and stability between ACDF and ACCF;ACCF surgery field is more clear and easy to operate,the operation time is short, and there is the phenomenon of titanium mesh sinking.In the maintenance of cervical curvature,ACCF is better than ACDF.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is the first liver disease which has proved responsive to gluc()orticoids,and the standard therapeutic method is hormone combined with azathioprine.Given that some patients fail to reach the standard of immunosuppressive therapy,and the long-term use of immunosuppressive therapy has many adverse effects,it is necessary to reasonably use anti-inflammatory and liver-protecting drugs to minimize the dose of immunosuppressants,control liver inflammation,reduce the damage of liver cells,and delay the progression of the disease.This paper reviews the advances in the application of anti-inflammatory and liver-protecting drugs in the treatment of AIH,in order to help clinicians make rational decisions.

Objective To compare the effects of surgical versus non-surgical treatment for femoral neck fractures in elderly patients,in order to provide guidance on treatment options.Methods The clinical effects and complications of different approaches from 42 patients with femoral neck fractures who had received treatment at our department from February 2006 to August 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 42 cases,13 cases were treated with artificial hip replacement,18 cases with hollow lag screw fixation,and 11 cases with tibial traction.No death occurred in patients treated with surgery,and 4 patients who had received non-surgical treatment died within 6 months of the followed-up.Conclusions Very elderly patients with femoral neck fractures generally perform well under appropriate perioperative care.Surgical treatment can produce good therapeutic effects,shorten the time for bed rest,improve the quality of life and reduce the mortality rate.

Objective To develop the public mood scale and test its reliability and validity,and explore the components construct of the public mood.Methods 423 college students responded to the inventory.Correlation analysis,exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to the data analysis.Results Public mood scale was consisted of two dimensions,positive emotions and negative emotions.Factor analysis indicated that the two factors explain 61.3％ of the variance with factor loading ranging from 0.68 to 0.86;The Cronbach' s coefficients of positive and negative public mood were 0.81 and 0.76 respectively; Conffirmatory factor analysis indicated that the public mood scale had ideal structure validity.Joint factor analysis showed that public mood and personal mood were separated.Positive public mood had positive correlations with Big Five personalities,which were extraversion,agreeableness,responsibility and openness (r =0.22-0.33,P＜ 0.01),negative correlation was found between neuroticism and positive public mood(r=-0.25,P＜0.01).Positive public mood had significant positive correlation with government satisfaction,economic development confidence and social stability(r=0.34-0.45,P＜0.01),while they had significant negative correlations with negative public mood (r =-0.32--0.24,P＜ 0.01).Conclusion The public mood scale obtained in the present study has ideal validities and reliabilities and it is suitable to assess the public mood.

Objective To investigate the effect of emodin on insulin resistance and leptin in rat with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to explore the mechanisms of emodin treating NAFLD.Methods Forty two Spraque-Dawley rats were numbered according to their body weights,and were randomly divided into two groups(group A:8 rats; group M:34 rats) by random number table method.The rats in group A was fed with ordinary diets and Group M with improved high fat diets.Four weeks later,when hepatic steatosis in group M were identified,the remaining 32 rats in group M were numbered according to their body weights,and were divided randomly into 4 subgroups (group M1,M2,M3 and M4) by random number table method,with 8 rats in each subgroup.The feeding of all rats was unchanged.The rats in group M2,M3 and M4 were separately intervened with emodin by low doses,emodin by high doses and metformin.Emodin and metformin were dissolved by 0.5％ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.The rats in group A and M1 was fed with 0.5％ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by gavage.Four weeks later,all rats were executed.The serum glucose was measured with automatic biochemical analyzer.The serum insulin and leptin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).Insulin resistance was estimated by insulin resistance index of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI).Liver biopsy tissues were treated by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to evaluate the degree of steatosis and inflammation of liver.Results Compared with group M1,the low and high dosage emodin improved insulin resistance which was represent by serum insulin,HOMA-IR,and ISI(P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01).The serum leptin in group M1 was higher than that in group A (P ＜0.01).The serum leptin in groups M2 and M3 was lower than that in group M1(P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01).Correlation analysis showed that the serum leptin was positively correlated with HOMA-IR(r =0.746,P ＜0.05),and negatively correlated with ISI(r =-0.731,P ＜ 0.05)in group M1.Compared with group M1,the low and high dosage emodin together had the respective effect of ameliorating steatosis(P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01),and they also reduced the hepatic inflammatory activity(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Reducing serum leptin and improving insulin resistance may be the mechanisms of emodin treating NAFLD.

ObjectiveTo study X-ray and high resolution computed tomograghy(HRCT)features and tIleir relationship with pulmonary function test in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis(PAP).MethodsThe findings of X-ray and HRCT and the Resultsof pulmonary function tests in 19 patients with PAP were reviewed retrospectively.X-ray and HRCT scores were rated in the aspects of opacity density,extent,and severity.The relationship between the imaging scores and pulmonary function tests were determined.ResultsX-ray showed a symmetrical perihilar predominance appearance in patients with PAP.HRCT scan showed bilateral clear-defined pathchy areas of ground-glass opacity and interlobular septal thickening,a pattern commonly characterized as"crazy paving".Nineteen PAP respiratory function Resultswere:DLCO/Pred=(54.49±16.78)%,FEV1/FVC=(86.00±6.70)%.Chest radiographic extent score and severity score correlated with diffusing capacity(r=-0.661,P＜0.01,r=-0.475,P＜0.05).HRCT severity score was 16.47±5.26.Among all the HRCT scores,severity score correlated significantly with the presence of restrictive ventilatory defect and diffusing capacity defect(DLCO/Pred,r=-0.809,P＜0.01;FEV1/FVC,r=0.573,P＜0.05).ConclusionsIn patients with PAP,there Is close relationship between X-ray,HRCT findings and pulmonary function.HRCT correlates more closely with pulmonary function.

Objective To study the efficacy of trimetazidine combined with perindopril in treating congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods One hundred and eighteen patients with CHF were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. All patients were given conventional medical treatment. Patients in the control group was treated with additionally with perindopril. The initial dose was 2 mg/d, and gradually increased to target dose of 4 mg/d. The experimental group was additionally treated with trimetazidine 20 mg orally 3 times a day for 12 weeks based on the regimen in the control group. The changes of left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) , left ventricular end of diastolic volume ( LVEDV) , left ventricular end of systolic volume ( LVESV), stroke volume (SV),cardiac output (CO)and cardiac function (NYHA) were observed. Results In the experiment group, after treatment,LVEF,LVEDV,LVESV,CO and SV were(46. 89 ±8. 00)% ,(129. 20 ±25. 00)ml, (70.90 ±32. 00)ml, (4. 32 ±0. 65 ) L/min and (55. 06 ± 13. 27) ml, respectively, which were significantly improved compared to those before treatment (29.60 ± 11. 00)% ,(164. 40 ± 31. 00) ml, (95. 60 ± 33. 00) ml, (2.91 ±0.56) L/min and (37. 69 ± 13. 62) ml .respectively) ( P < 0.01 or P < 0. 05). After treatment, the LVEF, LVEDV, LVESV, CO and SV were (46.89 ± 8. 00)% , (34. 70 ± 9. 00)% ,( 129. 20 ± 25. 00) ml, ( 148. 20 ±29. 00) ml and (70.90 ± 32. 00)ml in the experiment group, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (81. 10 ±31.00)ml, (4. 32 ±0.65) L/min, (3. 14 ±0.60) L/min, (55. 06 ±13.27 )ml and (49. 56 ± 14. 29) ml, respectively) (P <0. 01 or P <0. 05). The overall effective rate in the experiment group was 93. 2% .which was significantly higher than that in the control group (66. 1% ) ( P < 0.01). No obvious adverse effect was observed. Conclusions The effect of trimetazidine combined with perindopril in treating congestive heart failure is satisfactory. It is safe and effective for CHF.