Distribution channel of Chinese herbal medicines has been changing. From Han to Ming Dynasty, Chinese herbal medicine were mainly trafficked to urban by dealers or farmers; From the Ming Dynasty to the foundation of new China, distribution channels are primarily intermediated with township "bazaar" and national distribution center with fixed place and regularly trading hours. In the planned economy period, the state-owned herbal medicine company was the sole medium with monopoly nature. From the mid1980s to the end of last century, planned economy and market economy have been co-existing. Stepping into 21st century, producing area highlighted in the distribution channels. Presence or absence and rise or fall of different types of distribution market went throughout the changing process of distribution channels, which became an important clue. Changes were motivated by economical consideration of channel subject, which originated from commodity characteristic and social environment changes.
Cities ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; supply & distribution ; Economic Development ; Marketing

BACKGROUND:There is no unified method for treatment of intertrochanteric fracture. Previous dynamic hip screw fixation has some shortcomings, and is gradual y replaced by intramedul ary nail fixation. interTan is a compression interlocking intramedul ary nail designed by Smith Nephew in USA according the characteristics of intertrochanteric fracture. Unique design of pressurized screw thread has control able linear pressure. Moreover, it has the stability of Z-effect anti-rotation.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the clinical therapeutic effects and superiority of interTan compression interlocking intramedul ary nail for intertrochanteric fracture.
METHODS:A total of 60 patients with intertrochanteric fracture undergoing interTan compression interlocking intramedul ary nail in the Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Emergency Rescue Center from January 2011 to December 2012 were enrol ed in the experimental group. A total of 60 patients with intertrochanteric fractures receiving dynamic hip screw fixation in the Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Emergency Rescue Center from January 2009 to December 2010 were enrol ed in the control group.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Peri-operative bleeding volume, postoperative ambulation time, numerical rating scale score, radiographic healing time and weight-bearing time in the experimental group were lower than those of control group. At 3, 6 months and 1 year after fixation, Harris score and hospital for special surgery knee score were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. These data indicated that compared with dynamic hip screw, interTan compression interlocking intramedul ary nail has unique stability due to its design. Internal fixation can reduce operation trauma, promote fracture healing and improve joint function, and exhibit good clinical therapeutic effects for intertrochanteric fractures.

Objective: To study the effect of curcumin on cardiac remodeling and heart function change induced by adriamycin in rats. Methods: A total of 50 SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n=10), adriamycin group (n=20) and curcumin intervention group (n=20). General conditions of rats, including weight, hair color, diet and activity capacity, were observed. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) were observed by echocardiography. Rat heart was weighed and levels of cardiac collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ were observed using immunohistochemistry method. Results: Compared with blank control group after experiment, there were significant increase in heart weight [(168.53±26)mg vs. (208.34±31)mg], heart weight/body weight [(0.36±0.06) vs. (0.52±0.08)], and significant decrease in body weight [(469.27±34)g vs. (428.47±45)g]; significant increase in LVEDd [(4.87±0.19)mm vs. (7.49±0.83)mm], significant decrease in LVEF [(69.53±6.25)% vs. (41.46±4.38)%] and LVFS [(45.83±3.79)% vs. (17.25±2.92)%] in adriamycin group, P<0.05 all, significant increase in expression rates of collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ, P<0.01.Compared with adriamycin group, there were significant increase in body weight (452.46±38)g, significant decrease in heart weight (178.73±38)mg, heart weight/body weight (0.39±0.07); significant decrease in LVEDd (5.96±0.65)mm and significant increase in LVEF (53.12±5.43)% and LVFS (36.57±3.66)%, P <0.05 all; significant decrease in expression rates of collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ in curcumin group, P <0.01. Conclusion: Curcumin can improve cardiac remodeling and heart function induced by adriamycin in rats.

It is shown by the typical investigation on the status of doctor-patient relationship in ten cities of China that the government should shoulder heavy responsibilities in the establishment of harmony doctor-patient relationship.On the basis of this investigation,this article reviews the governmental measure in health management and policy,analyzes the factors of governmental responsibility and presents some proposal of it.

Through detailed investigation of the market circulation of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix, at the same time, this article collected relevant articles, conducted comparative study on genuine and conventionally used Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix from the aspects of textual research, functions, chemical composition and pharmacological effect, and discussed the results of the study.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of Naoxintong capsule on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods 45 SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation group (n=5), ischemia-reperfusion group (n=10), small dose of Naoxintong capsule group (n=10), large dose of Naoxintong capsule group (n=10), CoQ-10 group (n=10). The the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by occluding bilateral carotid arteries of animal. The moisture content and activity of ATPase in brain tissue of model rat were observed respectively at ischemia 30 min plus reperfusion 30 min and ischemia 30 min plus reperfusion 60 min.Results The activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase decreased (P<0.01), contents of water in brain tissues increased (P<0.01) in the ischemia-reperfusion group, compared with the sham operation group. The activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase increased (P<0.01), contents of water in brain tissues decreased (P<0.01) in the Naoxintong capsule group, compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group.Conclusion Naoxintong capsule can protect the brain tissue from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

It's difficult to identify Aucklandiae Radix and Vladimiriae Radix because of their similar composition. In this paper, UPLC method was used to establish their UPLC fingerprint to identify them with the mobile of acetonitrile -0. 05% phosphoric acid water solution by gradient elution at the detection wavelength of 238 nm. Clustering analysis and principal components analysis showed that Vladimiriae Radix was significantly different from Aucklandiae Radix. Eight common peaks and twelve common peaks were defined respectively in Aucklandiae Radix and Vladimiriae Radix herbs by fingerprint analysis. Six of them were identified as syringoside, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone by comparing with standard references. There are four peaks in all of Vladimiriae Radix samples and in none of Aucklandiae Radix samples. So UPLC fingerprint can be used to identify these two herbs.
Asteraceae ; chemistry ; classification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cluster Analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; chemistry

To evaluate the feasibility of real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCE) by quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion in rabbits, transthoracic RTMCE was performed in 10 healthy rabbits by using continuous infusion of SonoVue into the auricular vein. The short axis view at the papillary muscle level was obtained. The duration of the time that the contrast took to appear in right heart, left heart and myocardium was recorded. The regional myocardial signal intensity (SI) versus refilling time plots were fitted to an exponential function: y(t) =A(1-e(-beta(t-t0))) + C, where y is SI at any given time, A is the SI plateau that reflects myocardial blood volume, and beta is the slope of the refilling curve that reflects myocardial microbubble velocity. The A, beta and Axbeta values at different infusion rate of SonoVue were analyzed and the A, beta and Axbeta values in each segment in the short axis view at the papillary muscle level were compared. All the animal experiments were successful and high-quality images were obtained. The best intravenous infusion rate for SonoVue was 30 mL/h. The contrast appeared in right heart, left heart and myocardium at 7.5+/-2.2 s, 9.1+/-2.4 s and 12.2+/-1.6 s respectively. After 16.6+/-2.3s, myocardial opacification reached a steady state. The mean A, beta and Axbeta value in the short axis view at the papillary muscle level were 9.8+/-3.0 dB, 1.4+/-0.5 s(-1) and 13.5+/-3.6 dBxs(-1) respectively. A, beta and Axbeta values showed no significant differences among 6 segments. It was suggested that RTMCE was feasible for quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion in rabbits. It provides a non-invasive method to evaluate the myocardial perfusion in rabbit disease models.

BACKGROUND:Schwann cells are important celllines in the process of repairing peripheral nerve injury, and human amniotic homogenate supernatant is shown to secrete a variety of cytokines, which could promote the proliferation of Schwann cells.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of different concentrations of human amniotic homogenate supernatant on the proliferation of rat Schwann cell96.
METHODS:Schwann cell96 was cultured with high-glucose DMEM containing 20%fetal bovine serum, and the second generation of Schwann cell96 was applied for experiments. The cultured cells were divided into five groups according to different volume fractions of human amniotic homogenate supernatant (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) in the medium.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The total protein concentration of human amniotic homogenate supernatant was 675μg/mL, in which the concentration of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor were respectively (470.625±2.546), (4.121±0.026) and (0.172±0.002) ng/L. At 1-7 days, the cellproliferation rate of the 10%and 15%concentration groups was greater than that in 20%and 25%concentration groups (P<0.05);10%and 15%concentrations promoted cellproliferation, while 20%and 25%concentrations inhibited cellproliferation. There were no significant difference in the viability of Schwann cell96 between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05). Low concentrations (10%, 15%) of human amniotic homogenate supernatant promote the proliferation of Schwann cell96, while high concentrations (20%, 25%) of human amniotic homogenate supernatant inhibit cellproliferation.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of saline infusion test (SIT) in patients with primary aldosteronism (PHA). Methods: A total of 116 patients with PHA or essential hypertension (EH) treated in our hospital from 1994-06 to 2013-05 were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups: PHA group,n=72 and EH group, the patients with excluded PHA,n=44. post-SIT plasma levels of aldosterone and post-SIT ratio of aldosterone/renin activity were evaluated by ROC curve in order to analyze the diagnostic capability and the best diagnostic cut-off point. Results: The area under curve (AUC) by ROC for post-SIT aldosterone level was 0.759, the sensitivity and speciifcity were 74.6% and 63.6% respectively; AUC for post-SIT ratio of aldosterone/renin activity was 0.899, the sensitivity and speciifcity were 83.6% and 88.6% with the best diagnostic cut-off point at 111 [ng/dl:ng/(ml?h)]. Conclusion: Post-SIT plasma level of aldosterone and post-SIT ratio of aldosterone/renin activity had the diagnostic value of PHA; post-SIT ratio of aldosterone/renin activity had the higher diagnostic value of PHA.